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Investigating feasible sites for multi-purpose small dams in Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan: socioeconomic and environmental considerations

Author

Listed:
  • Anwar Hussain

    (University of Swat)

  • Khalil Ur Rahman

    (Tsinghua University)

  • Muhammad Shahid

    (National University of Sciences & Technology Islamabad)

  • Sajjad Haider

    (National University of Sciences & Technology Islamabad)

  • Quoc Bao Pham

    (Thu Dau Mot University)

  • Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh

    (Thuyloi University)

  • Saad Shauket Sammen

    (Diyala University)

Abstract

The low water storage capacity caused water crisis in Pakistan; therefore, the country needs both small- and large-scale reservoirs to store surplus water resources. The construction of large dams in Pakistan could not be materialized due to financial and political constraints. However, the construction of multi-purpose small dams is the next best option to store water. To this end, there is a need to identify the best feasible sites in the country. The selection of feasible sites for multi-purpose dams must take into account multiple criteria, including engineering, socioeconomic and environmental. The current study utilizes the coupled Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques to identify the feasible sites for multi-purpose small dams, considering the socioeconomic and environmental criteria in addition to the established engineering criteria in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The suitability map considered nine engineering criteria, including rainfall distribution, slope, land use, curve number, runoff depth, soil, alluvial depth, closeness to streams, and drainage density, using the weights calculated from priority indices. The suitability map is divided into four classes, i.e., excellent, good, moderate, and unsuitable with the excellent and good classes area of 66.78 km2, and 195.75 km2. Twenty sites (based on accessibility and closeness to Swat River) from each class are selected that are situated in Kalam, Babozai, Bahrain, Madyan, Khwazakhela, Matta, Kabal, and Barikot areas of district Swat and evaluated using socioeconomic and environmental criteria, i.e., community well and no displacement cost, management ownership–private or public, biodiversity protection services, instrumental in groundwater recharge for the community, electricity generation for the local community, low maintenance cost, flood friendly, appropriate distribution of water resources, political well, and irrigation and drinking water potential. The top priority for these areas is electricity generation, flood protection, irrigation and drinking water capability, sustainable operation, low maintenance cost and political well. The current study demonstrated that socioeconomic and environmental criteria augment the engineering approach in identifying the best feasible site for multi-purpose small dams. These sites would not only store the water but would also provide important services (electricity generation, irrigation water, etc.) to the local community and economy.

Suggested Citation

  • Anwar Hussain & Khalil Ur Rahman & Muhammad Shahid & Sajjad Haider & Quoc Bao Pham & Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh & Saad Shauket Sammen, 2022. "Investigating feasible sites for multi-purpose small dams in Swat District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan: socioeconomic and environmental considerations," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 24(9), pages 10852-10875, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:24:y:2022:i:9:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01886-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01886-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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