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Environmental quality, forestation, and health expenditure: a cross-country evidence

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Awais Anwar

    (University of Education Lower Mall Campus)

  • Ghulam Rasool Madni

    (University of Education Lower Mall Campus)

  • Iftikhar Yasin

    (University of Lahore)

Abstract

The study probes the relationship between health expenditures, forestation, and environmental quality using panel data of 87 countries, through 1999–2018. The empirical analysis is based on 16 high-income, 22 upper-middle-income, 18 low-middle-income, 13 low-income, and 18 partner countries of one belt one road (OBOR) project. The Chinese government initiated one belt one road (OBOR) project to enhance the level of cooperation among partner countries in different sectors of an economy. The study incorporates a difference and system generalized method of moments (GMM) to control the problem of endogeneity. Empirical findings reveal the positive and significant relationship between CO2 emission and per capita health expenditure among the selected samples of all countries. However, forest area exhibits negative and significant association with per capita health expenditure in low-income and partner of one belt one road (OBOR) countries. The study incorporates different regression specification categories and amalgamation with different control variables such as per capita income, trade, and industrial value-added to ensure the robustness of estimates.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Awais Anwar & Ghulam Rasool Madni & Iftikhar Yasin, 2021. "Environmental quality, forestation, and health expenditure: a cross-country evidence," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(11), pages 16454-16480, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:11:d:10.1007_s10668-021-01364-6
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01364-6
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    2. Rini Lestari & Boyke Rahmat Ramdani & Pupung Purnamasari & N. Nurfahmiyati, 2023. "The Impact of Environmental Performance on Economic Growth: A Study of ASEAN Countries," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 13(5), pages 132-138, September.
    3. Wang, Tianyang & Li, Menggang & Rasheed, Muhammad Faisal, 2024. "The nexus between resource depletion, price fluctuations, and sustainable development in expenditure on resources," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
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    5. Junmei Zhang & Iftikhar Yasin, 2024. "Greening the BRICS: How Green Innovation Mitigates Ecological Footprints in Energy-Hungry Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-24, May.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    CO2 emission; Per capita health expenditure; Per capita income; Trade; Industrial value-added;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • P18 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Energy; Environment
    • Q19 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Other
    • Q20 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - General

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