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Climate change impacts on infectious diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME)—risks and recommendations

Author

Listed:
  • Shlomit Paz

    (University of Haifa)

  • Azeem Majeed

    (Imperial College London)

  • George K. Christophides

    (Imperial College London
    The Cyprus Institute)

Abstract

The Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (EMME) region has rapid population growth, large differences in socio-economic levels between developed and developing countries, migration, increased water demand, and ecosystems degradation. The region is experiencing a significant warming trend with longer and warmer summers, increased frequency and severity of heat waves, and a drier climate. While climate change plays an important role in contributing to political instability in the region through displacement of people, food insecurity, and increased violence, it also increases the risks of vector-, water-, and food-borne diseases. Poorer and less educated people, young children and the elderly, migrants, and those with long-term health problems are at highest risk. A result of the inequalities among EMME countries is an inconsistency in the availability of reliable evidence about the impacts on infectious diseases. To help address this gap, a search of the literature was conducted as a basis for related recommended responses and suggested actions for preparedness and prevention. Since climate change already impacts the health of vulnerable populations in the EMME and will have a greater impact in future years, risk assessment and timely design and implementation of health preparedness and adaptation strategies are essential. Joint national and cross-border infectious diseases management systems for more effective preparedness and prevention are needed, supported by interventions that improve the environment. Without such cooperation and effective interventions, climate change will lead to an increasing morbidity and mortality in the EMME from infectious diseases, with a higher risk for the most vulnerable populations.

Suggested Citation

  • Shlomit Paz & Azeem Majeed & George K. Christophides, 2021. "Climate change impacts on infectious diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East (EMME)—risks and recommendations," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:climat:v:169:y:2021:i:3:d:10.1007_s10584-021-03300-z
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-021-03300-z
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Waha, Katharina & Krummenauer, Linda & Adams, Sophie & Aich, Valentin & Baarsch, Florent & Coumou, Dim & Fader, Marianela & Hoff, Holger & Jobbins, Guy & Marcus, Rachel & Mengel, Matthias & Otto, Ilon, 2017. "Climate change impacts in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region and their implications for vulnerable population groups," Munich Reprints in Economics 49918, University of Munich, Department of Economics.
    2. Takuya Iwamura & Adriana Guzman-Holst & Kris A. Murray, 2020. "Accelerating invasion potential of disease vector Aedes aegypti under climate change," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Minoo Mohammadkhani & Narges Khanjani & Bahram Bakhtiari & Seyed Mehdi Tabatabai & Khodadad Sheikhzadeh, 2019. "The Relation Between Climatic Factors and Malaria Incidence in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran," SAGE Open, , vol. 9(3), pages 21582440198, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Dina A. Awad & Hazem A. Masoud & Ahmed Hamad, 2024. "Climate changes and food-borne pathogens: the impact on human health and mitigation strategy," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 177(6), pages 1-25, June.
    2. Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo & Laura Oliveras & Lourdes Estefanía Barón-Miras & Carme Borrell & Tomás Montalvo & Carles Ariza & Irma Ventayol & Lilas Mercuriali & Mary Sheehan & Anna Gómez-Gutiérrez & Joan Ram, 2022. "Climate Change and Health in Urban Areas with a Mediterranean Climate: A Conceptual Framework with a Social and Climate Justice Approach," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-18, October.

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