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Indices of Canada’s future climate for general and agricultural adaptation applications

Author

Listed:
  • Guilong Li

    (Environment and Climate Change Canada)

  • Xuebin Zhang

    (Environment and Climate Change Canada)

  • Alex J. Cannon

    (Environment and Climate Change Canada)

  • Trevor Murdock

    (University of Victoria)

  • Steven Sobie

    (University of Victoria)

  • Francis Zwiers

    (University of Victoria)

  • Kevin Anderson

    (Environment and Climate Change Canada)

  • Budong Qian

    (Ottawa Research and Development Centre)

Abstract

This study evaluates regional-scale projections of climate indices that are relevant to climate change impacts in Canada. We consider indices of relevance to different sectors including those that describe heat conditions for different crop types, temperature threshold exceedances relevant for human beings and ecological ecosystems such as the number of days temperatures are above certain thresholds, utility relevant indices that indicate levels of energy demand for cooling or heating, and indices that represent precipitation conditions. Results are based on an ensemble of high-resolution statistically downscaled climate change projections from 24 global climate models (GCMs) under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios. The statistical downscaling approach includes a bias-correction procedure, resulting in more realistic indices than those computed from the original GCM data. We find that the level of projected changes in the indices scales well with the projected increase in the global mean temperature and is insensitive to the emission scenarios. At the global warming level about 2.1 °C above pre-industrial (corresponding to the multi-model ensemble mean for 2031–2050 under the RCP8.5 scenario), there is almost complete model agreement on the sign of projected changes in temperature indices for every region in Canada. This includes projected increases in extreme high temperatures and cooling demand, growing season length, and decrease in heating demand. Models project much larger changes in temperature indices at the higher 4.5 °C global warming level (corresponding to 2081–2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario). Models also project an increase in total precipitation, in the frequency and intensity of precipitation, and in extreme precipitation. Uncertainty is high in precipitation projections, with the result that models do not fully agree on the sign of changes in most regions even at the 4.5 °C global warming level.

Suggested Citation

  • Guilong Li & Xuebin Zhang & Alex J. Cannon & Trevor Murdock & Steven Sobie & Francis Zwiers & Kevin Anderson & Budong Qian, 2018. "Indices of Canada’s future climate for general and agricultural adaptation applications," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 148(1), pages 249-263, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:climat:v:148:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1007_s10584-018-2199-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-018-2199-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Keith W. Dixon & John R. Lanzante & Mary Jo Nath & Katharine Hayhoe & Anne Stoner & Aparna Radhakrishnan & V. Balaji & Carlos F. Gaitán, 2016. "Evaluating the stationarity assumption in statistically downscaled climate projections: is past performance an indicator of future results?," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 135(3), pages 395-408, April.
    2. Budong Qian & Sam Gameda & Xuebin Zhang & Reinder Jong, 2012. "Changing growing season observed in Canada," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 112(2), pages 339-353, May.
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    4. Douglas Maraun & Theodore G. Shepherd & Martin Widmann & Giuseppe Zappa & Daniel Walton & José M. Gutiérrez & Stefan Hagemann & Ingo Richter & Pedro M. M. Soares & Alex Hall & Linda O. Mearns, 2017. "Towards process-informed bias correction of climate change simulations," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 7(11), pages 764-773, November.
    5. Sonia I. Seneviratne & Markus G. Donat & Andy J. Pitman & Reto Knutti & Robert L. Wilby, 2016. "Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets," Nature, Nature, vol. 529(7587), pages 477-483, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Malcolm N. Mistry, 2019. "A High-Resolution Global Gridded Historical Dataset of Climate Extreme Indices," Data, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-11, March.
    2. Kayla Stan & Graham A. Watt & Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa, 2021. "Financial stability in response to climate change in a northern temperate economy," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-10, December.

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