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Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle

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  • B. Padmakumari
  • A. Jaswal
  • B. Goswami

Abstract

Using surface observations from 58 widely distributed stations over India, a highly significant (99.9 %) decreasing trend of pan evaporation (E pan ) of 9.24 mm/a/a is calculated for 1971 to 2010. This constitutes a ~10 % reduction of E pan over the last four decades. While E pan is decreasing during the wet summer monsoon season (JJAS), as well as during the dry rest of the year, the rate of decrease during the dry season is much larger than that during the wet season. Apart from increasing solar dimming, surface winds are also persistently decreasing over the Indian sub-continent at the rate of −0.02 m/s/a resulting in ~40 % reduction over the last four decades. Based on PenPan model, it is shown that both the above factors contribute significantly to the decreasing trend in E pan . On a continental scale, annual mean potential evaporation (E p ) is larger than rainfall (P or E p -P > 0, moisture divergence) indicating that India is water-limited. However, during wet monsoon P > E p (or E p -P > 0, moisture convergence) indicating that India is energy-limited during this season. Long term data shows that annually E p -P follows a significant decreasing trend indicating that water limitation is decreasing with time. This is largely due to stronger decreasing trend of E p -P during the dry season compared to weaker increasing trend of E p -P during the wet monsoon season. The scatter plot of E p -P versus E p also conveys that the decrease in E p leads to increase in moisture convergence in wet season and decrease in moisture divergence in dry season. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Suggested Citation

  • B. Padmakumari & A. Jaswal & B. Goswami, 2013. "Decrease in evaporation over the Indian monsoon region: implication on regional hydrological cycle," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 121(4), pages 787-799, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:spr:climat:v:121:y:2013:i:4:p:787-799
    DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0957-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yoram J. Kaufman & Didier Tanré & Olivier Boucher, 2002. "A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system," Nature, Nature, vol. 419(6903), pages 215-223, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xiang, Keyu & Li, Yi & Horton, Robert & Feng, Hao, 2020. "Similarity and difference of potential evapotranspiration and reference crop evapotranspiration – a review," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    2. Jinfei Hu & Guangju Zhao & Pengfei Li & Xingmin Mu, 2022. "Variations of pan evaporation and its attribution from 1961 to 2015 on the Loess Plateau, China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 111(2), pages 1199-1217, March.

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