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Opportunities in Critical Rare Earth Metal Recycling Value Chains for Economic Growth with Sustainable Technological Innovations

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  • Ajay B. Patil

    (ENAC IIE GR-LUD
    Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen PSI
    REMRETEch GmbH, PARK INNOVAARE: Delivery LAB)

  • Rudolf P. W. J. Struis

    (ENAC IIE GR-LUD
    Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen PSI
    REMRETEch GmbH, PARK INNOVAARE: Delivery LAB)

  • Christian Ludwig

    (ENAC IIE GR-LUD
    Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen PSI)

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REEs) are often referred to as the industrial vitamins and the key drivers of the industry 4.0 revolution. The current global supply chain of REEs for green and high-tech applications with more than 220 metric kilotons per year involves a huge environmental impact (backpack) as well as the piling up of radioactive by-products to about 1.5 times the amount of REEs produced. E-wastes and municipal solid waste streams are attractive secondary resources. The current opinion paper discusses the recycling of rare earth metals along the value chain with the opportunities and challenges associated with it. The way to mitigate the economic constraints has been pointed out in terms of competitive quality and recovery of the REEs when compared with the mineral exploration options in the market. It is also emphasised that the technical complexity, capital expenditures and operating expenses need to fit the economic boundary conditions to make the recycling viable. In future, the appropriate REE-rich feedstocks such as fluorescent lamp e-waste powders and magnets can be potential secondary sources of the critical raw materials necessary for the green transition. The success of the viable recycling approaches and technologies will largely depend on the public–private partnerships based on hybrid financing models and local know-how generation to compete with quasi-monopoly in the REE supply chains. However, to break the monopolies, it will not be sufficient to only recycle the REEs; it will also be relevant to diversify the industries that produce REE-containing goods from recycled waste streams.

Suggested Citation

  • Ajay B. Patil & Rudolf P. W. J. Struis & Christian Ludwig, 2023. "Opportunities in Critical Rare Earth Metal Recycling Value Chains for Economic Growth with Sustainable Technological Innovations," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 3(2), pages 1127-1140, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:circec:v:3:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s43615-022-00204-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s43615-022-00204-7
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Han, Aiping & Ge, Jianping & Lei, Yalin, 2016. "Vertical vs. horizontal integration: Game analysis for the rare earth industrial integration in China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 149-159.
    2. Schulze, Rita & Buchert, Matthias, 2016. "Estimates of global REE recycling potentials from NdFeB magnet material," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 12-27.
    3. Golev, Artem & Scott, Margaretha & Erskine, Peter D. & Ali, Saleem H. & Ballantyne, Grant R., 2014. "Rare earths supply chains: Current status, constraints and opportunities," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 52-59.
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    1. Aziz Kemal Konyalıoğlu & Ning Zhang & Ilke Bereketli, 2024. "EU-Focused Circular Economy Modelling of Rare Earth Element Waste in Mobile Phone Touch Screens by a System Dynamics Approach," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 4(3), pages 1877-1898, September.

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