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Cultivating cacao Implications of sun-grown cacao on local food security and environmental sustainability

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  • Jill Belsky
  • Stephen Siebert

Abstract

The reasons why upland farmerson the Indonesian island of Sulawesi areengaged in a cacao boom and its long termimplications are addressed in the context ofprotected area management regulations, andpolitical and economic conditions inPost-Suharto, Indonesia. In the remote casestudy village of Moa in Central Sulawesi, wefound that while few households cultivatedcacao in the early 1990s, all had planted cacaoby 2000. Furthermore, the vast majoritycultivate cacao in former food-crop focusedswidden fields under full-sun conditions.Farmers cultivate cacao to establish propertyrights in light of a land shortage driven inpart by the prohibition of farming and forestproduct collecting in a nearby national park,and to secure a future source of income, aconcern that has been exacerbated byIndonesia's economic crisis. However,conversion of swidden fields to sun-grown cacaoconstrains future food productionopportunities, increases susceptibility todrought stress and potential soil nutrient andorganic matter losses, and increases householddependence on a commodity that is subject toextreme price volatility. These factors raisesignificant concerns for local food securityand agricultural sustainability. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003

Suggested Citation

  • Jill Belsky & Stephen Siebert, 2003. "Cultivating cacao Implications of sun-grown cacao on local food security and environmental sustainability," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 20(3), pages 277-285, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:agrhuv:v:20:y:2003:i:3:p:277-285
    DOI: 10.1023/A:1026100714149
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pomp, Marc & Burger, Kees, 1995. "Innovation and imitation: Adoption of cocoa by Indonesian smallholders," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 23(3), pages 423-431, March.
    2. Sunderlin, William D. & Angelsen, Arild & Resosudarmo, Daju Pradnja & Dermawan, Ahmad & Rianto, Edy, 2001. "Economic Crisis, Small Farmer Well-Being, and Forest Cover Change in Indonesia," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 767-782, May.
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    1. Oswaldo Viteri Salazar & Jesus Ramos-Martin & Pedro L. Lomas, 2016. "Using household types for improving livelihood strategies of smallholders: coffee and cocoa producers in the Northern Amazon of Ecuador," Documentos de Trabajo FLACSO Ecuador 2016_02, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO).
    2. Pradeep Bhusal & Biplav Ghimire & Subodh Khanal, 2021. "Assessing Link Between On Farm Agro-Biodiversity And Food Selfsufficiency In Two Agro-Ecological Regions Of Nepal," Environment & Ecosystem Science (EES), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 5(2), pages 78-84, June.
    3. Akolgo, James Anaba & Osei-Asare, Yaw B. & Sarpong, Daniel Bruce & Asem, Freda Elikplim & Quaye, Wilhemina, 2024. "Examining the Nexus between Dry Season Vegetable Production and Household Food Security in the Upper East Region of Ghana," International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Department of Economics and Finance, vol. 12(1), January.
    4. Jezeer, Rosalien E. & Verweij, Pita A. & Santos, Maria J. & Boot, René G.A., 2017. "Shaded Coffee and Cocoa – Double Dividend for Biodiversity and Small-scale Farmers," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 140(C), pages 136-145.
    5. Saj, Stéphane & Jagoret, Patrick & Etoa, Louis Essola & Eteckji Fonkeng, Eltson & Tarla, Justin Ngala & Essobo Nieboukaho, Jean-Daniel & Mvondo Sakouma, Kenneth, 2017. "Lessons learned from the long-term analysis of cacao yield and stand structure in central Cameroonian agroforestry systems," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 95-104.
    6. Oswaldo Viteri & Jesus Ramos-Martin, 2014. "Principales patrones de uso del suelo como generadores de ingresos económicos de los pequeños productores de café y cacao en la Amazonía norte del Ecuador," UHE Working papers 2014_02, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Departament d'Economia i Història Econòmica, Unitat d'Història Econòmica.
    7. Aisa O. Manlosa & Jan Hanspach & Jannik Schultner & Ine Dorresteijn & Joern Fischer, 2019. "Livelihood strategies, capital assets, and food security in rural Southwest Ethiopia," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(1), pages 167-181, February.
    8. Aris Sudomo & Budi Leksono & Hesti Lestari Tata & Anita Apriliani Dwi Rahayu & Aziz Umroni & Heny Rianawati & Asmaliyah & Krisnawati & Ali Setyayudi & Marcellinus Mandira Budi Utomo & Levina Augusta G, 2023. "Can Agroforestry Contribute to Food and Livelihood Security for Indonesia’s Smallholders in the Climate Change Era?," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-25, September.
    9. Akolgo, James Anaba & Osei-Asare, Yaw B. & Sarpong, Daniel Bruce & Asem, Freda Elikplim & Quaye, Wilhemina, 2024. "Examining the Nexus Between Dry Season Vegetable Production and Household Food Security in the Upper East Region of Ghana," International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Department of Economics and Finance, vol. 12(01), January.
    10. Héctor Eduardo Hernández-Núñez & Isabel Gutiérrez-Montes & Angie Paola Bernal-Núñez & Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez-García & Juan Carlos Suárez & Fernando Casanoves & Cornelia Butler Flora, 2022. "Cacao cultivation as a livelihood strategy: contributions to the well-being of Colombian rural households," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 39(1), pages 201-216, March.

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