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Different Interventions for COVID-19 Primary and Booster Vaccination? Effects of Psychological Factors and Health Policies on Vaccine Uptake

Author

Listed:
  • Philipp Sprengholz

    (Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Germany
    Health Communication, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany)

  • Luca Henkel

    (Department of Economics, University of Bonn, Germany)

  • Robert Böhm

    (Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
    Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
    Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark)

  • Cornelia Betsch

    (Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Germany
    Health Communication, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
    Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioral Sciences, University of Erfurt, Germany)

Abstract

Background Mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic requires continued uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To increase vaccination intention and uptake, key determinants of primary and booster vaccination need to be understood and potential effects of vaccination policies examined. Design Using experimental data collected in Germany in February 2022 ( N = 2,701), this study investigated 1) predictors of primary and booster vaccination and 2) potential effects of policies combining vaccination mandates and monetary incentives. Results Compared with unvaccinated participants, those with primary vaccination were less complacent, more often understood the collective protection afforded by vaccination, and less often endorsed conspiracy-based misinformation. Compared with participants with primary vaccination, boosted individuals were even less complacent, exhibited fewer conspiracy-based beliefs, perceived fewer constraints by prioritizing vaccination over other things, and more often favored compliance with official vaccination recommendations. Support for and reactance about vaccination mandates depended on vaccination status rather than policy characteristics, regardless of mandate type or incentives (up to 500 EUR). While unvaccinated individuals rejected policy provisions and declined vaccination, boosted individuals indicated mid-level support for mandates and showed high vaccination intention. Among vaccinated individuals, higher incentives of up to 2,000 EUR had a considerable positive effect on the willingness to get boosted, especially in the absence of a mandate. Conclusions While mandates may be needed to increase primary vaccination, our results indicate that financial incentives could be an alternative to promote booster uptake. However, combining both measures for the same target group seems inadvisable in most cases. Highlights Unvaccinated individuals and people with primary and booster vaccinations differ on psychological dimensions, calling for tailored immunization campaigns. Vaccination intentions depend on vaccination status rather than on mandatory or incentivizing policies. Incentives are unlikely to persuade unvaccinated individuals but may increase booster uptake. Positive effects of incentives decrease when vaccination is mandatory, advising against combination.

Suggested Citation

  • Philipp Sprengholz & Luca Henkel & Robert Böhm & Cornelia Betsch, 2023. "Different Interventions for COVID-19 Primary and Booster Vaccination? Effects of Psychological Factors and Health Policies on Vaccine Uptake," Medical Decision Making, , vol. 43(2), pages 239-251, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:medema:v:43:y:2023:i:2:p:239-251
    DOI: 10.1177/0272989X221138111
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Marta Serra-Garcia & Nora Szech, 2021. "Choice Architecture and Incentives Increase COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions and Test Demand," Working Papers 2021-020, Human Capital and Economic Opportunity Working Group.
    2. Tom Chang & Mireille Jacobson & Manisha Shah & Rajiv Pramanik & Samir B. Shah, 2021. "Financial Incentives and Other Nudges Do Not Increase COVID-19 Vaccinations among the Vaccine Hesitant," NBER Working Papers 29403, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Dan Yamin & Arieh Gavious, 2013. "Incentives' Effect in Influenza Vaccination Policy," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 59(12), pages 2667-2686, December.
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