IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/rberur/0170.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

It is all about social norms: Gender differences incommuting times in Brazilian cities

Author

Listed:
  • Seabra, Deborah Maria da Silva

    (Universidade de São Paulo (FEA/USP))

  • Azzoni, Carlos Roberto

    (Universidade de São Paulo (FEA/USP))

Abstract

Based on a sample of 34,834 heterosexual couples living in Brazilian metropolitan regions, we verify econometrically the existence of a gender differential in the time spent commuting to work and the role of the division of domestic tasks. We use PNAD data for the period 2011-2015 and estimate Multivariate Ordered Probit models to calculate the probability of an individual choosing a determined commuting time interval. The results indicate that women exhibit shorter commuting times than men. This does not change when we add variables representing socioeconomic characteristics, relative income (typically lower for women), different types of work, age, and the property of the residence. We include the amount of time dedicated to household chores, the division of household responsibilities, and the contribution to the couple’s income (bargaining power). The results indicate that the difference in commuting times between men and women has little to do with gender per se but is strongly related to the social roles represented in the family. The shares of chores and income are always important in defining the commuting time of individuals. Simultaneous equation estimates for the two members of the couples indicate that the effect of the share of household chores on commuting time is more intense for men than for women, which is probably the result of the normative asymmetric division of gender in the responsibility for the home.

Suggested Citation

  • Seabra, Deborah Maria da Silva & Azzoni, Carlos Roberto, 2023. "It is all about social norms: Gender differences incommuting times in Brazilian cities," Revista Brasileira de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos, Associação Brasileira de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos (ABER), vol. 17(2), pages 155-187.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:rberur:0170
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://revistaaber.org.br/rberu/article/view/1018
    File Function: Full text
    Download Restriction: ris
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Gavin Cameron & John Muellbauer, 1998. "The Housing Market and Regional Commuting and Migration Choices," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 45(4), pages 420-446, September.
    2. Jan Rouwendal & Peter Nijkamp, 2004. "Living in Two Worlds: A Review of Home‐to‐Work Decisions," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 35(3), pages 287-303, September.
    3. Rory Coulter & Maarten van Ham & Peteke Feijten, 2011. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Moving Desires, Expectations and Actual Moving Behaviour," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 43(11), pages 2742-2760, November.
    4. J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2016. "Commuting Time And Household Responsibilities: Evidence Using Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 332-359, March.
    5. Lundberg, Shelly & Pollak, Robert A, 1994. "Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 84(2), pages 132-137, May.
    6. Birgitta Rabe, 2011. "Dual-earner migration. Earnings gains, employment and self-selection," Journal of Population Economics, Springer;European Society for Population Economics, vol. 24(2), pages 477-497, April.
    7. Robert E. Lucas & Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, 2002. "On the Internal Structure of Cities," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 70(4), pages 1445-1476, July.
    8. Bun Song Lee & John F. McDonald, 2003. "Determinants of Commuting Time and Distance for Seoul Residents: The Impact of Family Status on the Commuting of Women," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 40(7), pages 1283-1302, June.
    9. Compton, Janice & Pollak, Robert A., 2014. "Family proximity, childcare, and women’s labor force attachment," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 72-90.
    10. Mette Deding & Trine Filges & Jos Van Ommeren, 2009. "Spatial Mobility And Commuting: The Case Of Two‐Earner Households," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(1), pages 113-147, February.
    11. Raul Silveira Neto & Klebson Moura, 2019. "Commuting time, public exposure and victimization: Evidence from Brazilian metropolitan regions," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 98(2), pages 1159-1175, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2022. "Trends in commuting time of European workers: A cross-country analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 327-342.
    2. Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2021. "Two-way commuting: Asymmetries from time use surveys," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    3. Thomas Skora & Heiko Rüger & Nico Stawarz, 2020. "Commuting and the Motherhood Wage Gap: Evidence from Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    4. Juan Carlos Campaña & J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, 2024. "Gender Gaps in Commuting Time: Evidence from Peru, Ecuador, Chile, and Colombia," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 45(3), pages 596-620, September.
    5. José M. Casado-Díaz & Raquel Simón-Albert & Hipólito Simón, 2023. "Gender Differences in Commuting: New Evidence from Spain," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 169(3), pages 907-941, October.
    6. Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2020. "Elderly's Mobility to and from Work in the US: Metropolitan Status and Population Size," IZA Discussion Papers 13949, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Belloc, Ignacio, 2021. "El tiempo de desplazamiento al lugar de trabajo en el Reino Unido: Diferencias entre asalariados y autoempleados [Commuting time in the United Kingdom: Differences between wage-earners and self-emp," MPRA Paper 108260, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Jennifer Roberts & Karl Taylor, 2017. "Intra-household commuting choices and local labour markets," Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 69(3), pages 734-757.
    9. Stefan P.T. Groot & Henri L.F. de Groot & Paolo Veneri, 2012. "The Educational Bias in Commuting Patterns: Micro-Evidence for the Netherlands," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 12-080/3, Tinbergen Institute.
    10. Isabelle Wachter & Christian Holz-Rau, 2022. "Gender differences in work-related high mobility differentiated by partnership and parenthood status," Transportation, Springer, vol. 49(6), pages 1737-1764, December.
    11. Akiko Sakanishi, 2020. "Urban commuting behavior and time allocation among women: Evidence from US metropolitan areas," Regional Science Policy & Practice, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 12(2), pages 349-363, April.
    12. Chiara Castelli & Angela Parenti, 2020. "Commuting in Europe: An Inter-regional Analysis on its Determinants and Spatial Effects," Working Papers 2020.19, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    13. Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto & Velilla, Jorge, 2016. "Spatial Distribution of US Employment in an Urban Wage-Efficiency Setting," IZA Discussion Papers 9720, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    14. Angela Stefania Bergantino & Leonardo Madio, 2015. "The Travel-to-work. Which factors matter? An analysis on regional labor market in UK," ERSA conference papers ersa15p888, European Regional Science Association.
    15. Palacios, Saúl, 2021. "Desplazamientos y autoempleo en Francia: diferencias por género [Commuting y self-employment in France: gender differences]," MPRA Paper 106555, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. José Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & Lucía Echeverría & Alberto Molina, 2023. "Citizen security and urban commuting in Latin America," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 60(13), pages 2585-2611, October.
    17. Natalia Presman & Arie Arnon, 2000. "Commuting Patterns in Israel," Regional and Urban Modeling 283600076, EcoMod.
    18. Georg Hirte & Ulrike Illmann, 2019. "Household decision making on commuting and the commuting paradox," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 46(1), pages 63-101, February.
    19. J. Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2016. "Commuting Time And Household Responsibilities: Evidence Using Propensity Score Matching," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 56(2), pages 332-359, March.
    20. Echeverría, Lucía & Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & Molina, José Alberto, 2023. "Commuting in dual-earner households: International Gender Differences with Time Use Surveys," GLO Discussion Paper Series 1307, Global Labor Organization (GLO).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Commuting time; Household Responsability Hypothesis; Gender discrimination; Social norms;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • R23 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population
    • R41 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Transportation Economics - - - Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
    • Z12 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Religion

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ris:rberur:0170. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Edson Paulo Domingues (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/aberrea.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.