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Commuting and the Motherhood Wage Gap: Evidence from Germany

Author

Listed:
  • Thomas Skora

    (Federal Institute for Population Research, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany)

  • Heiko Rüger

    (Federal Institute for Population Research, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany)

  • Nico Stawarz

    (Federal Institute for Population Research, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany)

Abstract

In the present study, we analyze how childbirth-related changes in commuting contribute to the motherhood wage gap, which in turn accounts for a large part of the gender pay gap. Derived from human capital theory and job search theory, we examine various mechanisms that might explain why reduced commuting distances after childbirth come along with wage reductions for mothers. The empirical analyses are based on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) 2001–2017, which are analyzed within a fixed effects (FE) panel framework ( n = 41,111 observations from 7183 persons). Firstly, the results show that the transition to first parenthood is associated with a 33% decrease in the commuting distance of women, while the transition to fatherhood has no effect. Secondly, mothers who substantially reduce their commuting distance after the transition to parenthood (who amount to 30% of all mothers in our sample) show an increased wage penalty (−18.4%), compared to mothers who do not reduce their commuting distance (−8.7%). Accordingly, 23% of the motherhood wage penalty can be attributed to wage losses related to the reduction in commuting distance. Thirdly, wage penalties for mothers who change to a job closer to their place of residence can be partly explained by the loss of firm-specific human capital. In addition, the wage penalty for commuting is a consequence of women taking jobs that are less suited to their skills profile and moving to smaller companies.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Skora & Heiko Rüger & Nico Stawarz, 2020. "Commuting and the Motherhood Wage Gap: Evidence from Germany," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-19, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:14:p:5692-:d:384865
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    Cited by:

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    2. Barbara Boelmann, 2024. "Women's Missing Mobility and the Gender Gap in Higher Education: Evidence from Germany's University Expansion," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2024_518, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    3. Piliuk, Anastasiia & Semerikova, Elena & Nastansky, Andreas, 2023. "Determinants of commuting flows in Germany," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 71, pages 99-127.
    4. Philippe Askenazy & Verónica Escudero, 2022. "Dimension géographique des inégalités d’accès à l’emploi," Post-Print halshs-03801734, HAL.
    5. Inga Laß & Mark Wooden, 2023. "Working from Home and Work–Family Conflict," Work, Employment & Society, British Sociological Association, vol. 37(1), pages 176-195, February.
    6. Thomas Skora & Knut Petzold & Heiko Rüger, 2024. "Migration, daily commuting, or second residence? The role of location-specific capital and distance to workplace in regional mobility decisions," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 50(33), pages 967-1004.
    7. Barbara Boelmann, 2024. "Women’s Missing Mobility and the Gender Gap in Higher Education: Evidence from Germany’s University Expansion," ECONtribute Discussion Papers Series 280, University of Bonn and University of Cologne, Germany.
    8. Melina Stein & Luca Nitschke & Laura Trost & Ansgar Dirschauer & Jutta Deffner, 2022. "Impacts of Commuting Practices on Social Sustainability and Sustainable Mobility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-18, April.

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