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Cycles et trends d'épargne et d'investissement dans une économie moyenne et ouverte : le cas de la France

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  • Jacky Fayolle

Abstract

[eng] Trends and Cycles of Savings and Investment in a Middle-Size Open Economy: the French Example Jacky Fayolle The relationships between savings and investment have long been debated among economists. The debate itself presents a cyclical behaviour largely related to macro-economic worries. It has been revived during the second half of the 80s, when economic growth reappeared in industrialised countries. Therefore one might be tempted to read the recent sequence of events as largely reflecting short term fluctuations: needs and demands of investment have expanded too far, eventually creating a shortage of savings which is the usual pattern of a business cycle. Furthermore, at the end of the expansion the shocks happening in eastern Europe suddendly made those tensions worse. But things are not that simple. To begin with, it is rather weird that the shortage of savings should be such an obvious worry at the end of a decade which was supposed to solve the problem: as a reaction to the excessive indebtedness of the 70s, financial markets have been deregulated in order to let incentives create a huge, stable, voluntary amount of savings. If savings really are scarce today, then it means that the financial reforms of the 80s are a failure. The relationships between savings and investment have of course something to do with business cycles: the traditional indicators in the field are relevant. But only to a certain degree. In order to explain what has been happening during the 80s, one must also look at the shifts of the long-term trends reflecting structural changes. The present period is original because on-going shifts combine with short-term cycles: the former, the latter, and the consequences of their interaction must be analysed to understand the situation of the early 90s. [fre] Le problème des rapports entre l'épargne et l'investissement est un vieux débat dans le monde des économistes, mais son intensité est variable et obéit aux rythmes cycliques qui gouvernent la nature des préoccupations macro-économiques. Ce débat est revenu sur le devant de la scène depuis quelques années, parallèlement au redémarrage de la croissance intervenu dans les grands pays industrialisés sur la seconde moitié des années quatre-vingt. On pourrait donc voir dans ce remake un événement de nature principalement conjoncturelle : les besoins et désirs d'investissement associés à la phase d'expansion de la seconde moitié de la décennie quatre-vingt ont fini, classiquement, par trop tirer sur la corde des financements et fait ainsi ressentir un déficit d'épargne. De plus, à la fin de cette période d'expansion, le choc spécifique des changements affectant les pays est-européens et révélant brutalement l'ampleur de leurs besoins de financement, aurait aggravé ces tensions. On notera cependant d'emblée que la polarisation récente du débat macroéconomique sur le thème de la pénurie d'épargne est, au premier degré, quelque peu paradoxal, au terme d'une décennie qui, par réaction aux excès antérieurs de l'économie d'endettement administrée, prétendait rétablir des incitations saines et puissantes à une épargne volontaire et stable par le retour en force et l'approfondissement des marchés financiers. Si le thème de la pénurie d'épargne a une certaine vérité, il témoigne en ce cas d'une mise en échec des réformes financières intervenues au cours des années quatfë-vihgtV On peut aborder la question des rapports de l'épargne et de l'investissement comme un problème de nature conjoncturelle, lié au déroulement habituel du cycle économique de moyenne période, et commenter sous cet angle les indicateurs conjoncturels disponibles. Cette manière de voir est cependant insuffisante pour rendre compte des évolutions intervenues durant les années quatre-vingt : ces évolutions relèvent aussi de « changements de régime » qui infléchissent ou modifient les trends apparents et ces changements interfèrent avec le cycle conjoncturel. Pour saisir l'originalité de la configuration macro-économique présente, il faut bien évidemment prendre en compte ces interférences et expliciter leur contenu. Interpréter les enchaînements des décennies quatre-vingt et quatre-vingt-dix comme le moment d'une interaction forte entre cycles de différente périodicité, courts et longs, parait alors une hypothèse de travail stimulante. L 'article est articulé en deux parties. La première s 'attache à fournir un schéma général des interactions entre épargne et investissement au cours du cycle conjoncturel. Elle examine les données françaises sur l'ensemble de l'après-guerre, situées dans leur contexte international, à la lumière de ce schéma. La seconde partie se concentre sur le rôle joué par les facteurs patrimoniaux et financiers dans les dynamiques cycliques à l'œuvre durant les décennies quatre-vingt et quatre-vingt-dix.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacky Fayolle, 1993. "Cycles et trends d'épargne et d'investissement dans une économie moyenne et ouverte : le cas de la France," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 45(1), pages 443-517.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1993_num_45_1_1335
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1993.1335
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1993.1335
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jacky Fayolle & Alexandre Mathis, 1994. "Structure des taux d'intérêt et mouvements cycliques des économies américaine et française," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 49(1), pages 125-148.
    2. Bernard Paranque, 1995. "Financement, investissement et performances des entreprises industrielles françaises," Finance 9508001, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 29 Oct 2000.
    3. Marianne Bliman & Catherine Bruno & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1993. "L'espace bancaire et financier européen," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 43(1), pages 183-241.
    4. Carine Bouthevillain, 1996. "Les cycles des grands pays industrialisés. des croissances plus proches mais des zones déphasées," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 298(1), pages 71-91.

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