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L’inégalité des revenus d’activité et les niveaux de vie des femmes et des hommes - Une comparaison entre cinq pays de l’Union européenne

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  • Sophie Ponthieux

Abstract

[fre] À la fin des années 2000, les femmes demeurent moins souvent actives que les hommes, celles qui sont en emploi travaillent plus souvent à temps partiel, et celles qui travaillent à temps complet ont en moyenne des salaires plus bas. Il en résulte une forte inégalité des revenus d’activité entre les femmes et les hommes qui n’est pas reflétée par les niveaux de vie. L’article analyse les facteurs de l’écart des revenus annuels d’activité entre les femmes et les hommes d’âge actif vivant seul(e) s ou en couple, puis la séquence qui va de leurs revenus d’activité à leurs niveaux de vie. Cinq pays de l’Union Européenne sont comparés à partir des données européennes EU-Silc : l’Allemagne, la France, l’Italie, la Suède et le Royaume-Uni. Dans ces cinq pays, l’inégalité économique entre les femmes et les hommes est considérable : l’écart des revenus d’activité va d’un minimum d’environ 27 % en Suède à près de 50 % en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni. L’analyse de ces écarts par une décomposition comptable montre que la contribution des trois principaux facteurs d’inégalité économique entre les femmes et les hommes – inactivité, travail à temps partiel et écart des salaires dans l’emploi à temps complet – est très variable d’un pays à l’autre. Les écarts de niveaux de vie sont très inférieurs à ceux des revenus d’activité : quasi-inexistant en Suède, l’écart culmine à 9 % au Royaume-Uni. Un examen par étapes de la séquence allant des revenus d’activité au niveau de vie permet de mettre en évidence l’effet asymétrique, pour les femmes et pour les hommes, des hypothèses de mise en commun des revenus et de partage égal au sein des ménages, qui résulte en une quasi égalité des niveaux de vie. L’article conclut par une brève discussion des enjeux de la mesure d’inégalité entre les femmes et les hommes.

Suggested Citation

  • Sophie Ponthieux, 2014. "L’inégalité des revenus d’activité et les niveaux de vie des femmes et des hommes - Une comparaison entre cinq pays de l’Union européenne," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 469(1), pages 85-119.
    • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2014_num_469_1_10418
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2014.10418
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2014.10418
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