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Les travailleurs âgés face à l'emploi

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  • Jérôme Gautié

Abstract

[fre] Depuis une vingtaine d 'années,la situation des jeunes face à l 'emploi a suscité un grand nombre de travaux d 'études et de recherche. Des enquêtes statistiques spécifiques lui ont été consacrées ' telles que les compléments «Jeunes » à l'Enquête(Insee, 1997) ou encore l'enquête Génération 92 puis 98 du Céreq (2001). Cette focalisation sur les jeunes et l'entrée dans la vie active a contribué à occulter jusqu 'à récemment les questions,en quelque sorte symétriques,des seniors (1) et de la cessation d'activité. Pourtant, parallèlement à la montée du chômage des jeunes qui retenait toute l'attention, une autre tendance lourde se confirmait, voire s'accélérait : la baisee prononcée du taux d'activité (2) des travailleurs âgés - et notamment ceux de plus de 55 ans. Si bien qu 'émergeait en France - mais aussi dans certains autres pays d 'Europe continentale,comme l'Italie ou la Belgique - une configuration assez particulière des taux d 'activité et d'emploi,celle d 'une société où «une seule génération travaille à la fois »,selon la formule de Elbaum et Marchand (1993). Malgré une remontée récente,le taux d'emploi des 55-64 ans est aujourd 'hui remarquablement faible en France comparé aux autres pays de l 'OCDE (34,2 %contre 49,4 %en 2002 ' OCDE,,2003).Les débats sur la retraite se sont,en grande partie, cristallisés sur la question du rapport démographique entre actifs et non-actifs,et par là, sur celle de la nécessité d 'allonger ou non la durée moyenne d'activité. La réforme des retraites adoptée en 2003 promeut cet allongement. Elle avait été précédée par la fixation au niveau européen d'objectifs qui vont dans le même sens : un taux d'emploi des 55-64 ans devant atteindre 50 % d'ici 2010 (résolution du Conseil européen de Stockholm de mars 2001), un relèvement progressif d 'environ cinq ans de l'âge moyen de sortie de l'activité au même horizon (Conseil européen de Barcelone de mars 2002).

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Gautié, 2003. "Les travailleurs âgés face à l'emploi," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 368(1), pages 33-42.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2003_num_368_1_7297
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    2. Judith K. Hellerstein & David Neumark, 2007. "Production Function and Wage Equation Estimation with Heterogeneous Labor: Evidence from a New Matched Employer-Employee Data Set," NBER Chapters, in: Hard-to-Measure Goods and Services: Essays in Honor of Zvi Griliches, pages 31-71, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Bruno Crépon & Nicolas Deniau & Sébastien Perez-Duarte, 2003. "Productivité et salaire des travailleurs âgés," Revue Française d'Économie, Programme National Persée, vol. 18(1), pages 157-185.
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