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Structure du capital et coûts d'information : le cas des entreprises françaises à la fin des années quatre-vingt

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  • Jérôme Bourdieu
  • Béatrice Colin-Sédillot

Abstract

[fre] Structure du capital et coûts d'information : le cas des entreprises françaises à la fin des années quatre-vingt . La structure de financement d'une entreprise résulte d'un arbitrage entre les coûts des différentes ressources : autofinancement, dettes ou émission d'actions. Ces coûts sont, pour une large part, déterminés par les asymétries d'information et les conflits d'intérêt entre les acteurs qui participent à la mobilisation des fonds et au choix des investissements (actionnaires, dirigeants, banques et autres créanciers). Ainsi, on peut voir, dans le mouvement de désendettement observé à la fin des années quatre-vingt, l'effet de réformes institutionnelles visant à réduire le coût d'accès aux fonds propres et le poids des exigences en termes d'information (ouverture du second marché, développement du capital-risque, etc.). . L'étude empirique d'un panel d'entreprises à la fin des années quatre-vingt confirme la pertinence, dans le cas de la France, d'une grille d'analyse fondée sur les théories de l'agence : les contraintes d'accès aux ressources, interprétées comme des contraintes informationnelles, jouent assurément un rôle important pour expliquer l'endettement plus élevé des firmes jeunes, petites ou non cotées. La présence d'institutions financières dans le capital d'une entreprise améliore, par ailleurs, l'information dont disposent l'ensemble des créanciers et les incite à placer davantage leurs ressources dans l'entreprise. Enfin, la capacité de la firme à assortir les dettes de garanties lui permet de mobiliser plus facilement des ressources longues. [spa] Estructura del capital y costes de informaciôn : el caso de las empresas francesas a finales de los ochenta . La estructura de financiaciôn de una empresa es el resultado de un arbitraje entre los costes de los diferentes recursos : autofinanciaciôn, deudas o emisiones de acciones. Estes costes son determinados, en su mayor parte, por las asimetrfas de informaciôn y los conflictos de interés entre los agentes que participan a la movilizaciôn de fondos y a la elecciôn de las inversiones (accionistas, dirigentes, bancos y otros acreedores). De esta manera, en el movimiento de desendeudamiento que se manifeste a finales de los ochenta, destacan el efecto de unas reformas institucionales que apuntaban a reducir el coste de acceso a los fondos propios, y el peso de las exigencias en cuanto a informaciôn (abertura del segundo mercado, desarrollo del capital-riesgo...). . El estudio empi'rico de un panel de empresas a finales de los ochenta confirma la pertinencia, en el caso francés, de una red de anâlisis basada en las teorfas de la agencia : los impedimentos al acceso a los recursos, interpretados como impedimentos de carâcter informacional, desem- penan sin duda un papel importante para explicar el endeudamiento mayor de las firmas jôvenes, pequenas o no cotizadas. La presencia de unas entidades financières en el capital de una empresa mejora, por otra parte, la informaciôn de la disponen la totalidad de los acreedores, y les incita a invertir mâs todavfa sus recursos en la empresa. En fin, la capacidad de la firma en combinar sus deudas con garantîas le permite movilizar con mayor facilidad recursos a largo plazo. [ger] Kapitalstruktur und Informationskosten: Unternehmen Ende der achtziger Jahre . Die Finanzierungsstruktur eines Unternehmens ist das Ergebnis einer Arbitration zwischen den Kosten der verschiedenen Ressourcen: Eigenfinanzierung, Verschuldung Oder Ausgabe von Aktien. Diese Kosten sind zum groBen Teil durch die Informationsasymmetrien und die Interessenkonflikte zwischen den Akteuren bestimmt, die sich an der Kapitalmobilisierung und an der Investitionswahl beteiligen (Aktionâre, Unternehmer, Banken und sonstige Glâubiger). Somit kann man die Ende der achtziger Jahre beobachtete Entschuldungs- bewegung als Effekt der institutionellen Reformen betrachten, mit denen einerseits die Kosten fur den Zugang zu den Eigenmitteln und andererseits die Informationserfordernisse (Ôffnung des Sekundâr- marktes, Entwicklung des Risikokapitals) gesenkt werden sollten. . die Situation der franzôsischen . Die empirische Untersuchung, die Ende der achtziger Jahre anhand eines Untemehmenspanels durchgefùhrt wurde, bestâtigt im Falle Frankreichs die Relevanz eines Analyserasters, das auf den Agentur-Theorien beruht: die Zwànge beim Zugang zu den Ressourcen, die als Informationszwànge verstanden werden, spielen zweifelsohne eine wichtige Rolle bei der Erklarung der Grûnde, weshalb die jungen, kleinen oder nicht an der Bôrse notierten Untemehmen eine hôhere Verschuldung aufweisen. Die Beteiligung von Finanzinstituten am Kapital eines Unternehmens trâgt im ùbrigen zu einer besseren Information aller Glâubiger bei und stellt fur sie einen Anreiz dar, ihre Ressourcen verstârkt in das Unternehmen zu investieren. Der Zugang zu den lang- fristigen Ressourcen wird auBerdem erleichtert, wenn ein Unternehmen fur seine Schulden Garantien bieten kann. [eng] The Structure of Capital and Agency Costs: French Companies in the Late 1980s . A company's financing structure results from a choice between the costs of the different resources: self-financing, debt or share issues. These costs are largely determined by information asymmetries and clashes of interest between the parties involved in mobilizing the funds and those who decide on the investments (shareholders, managers, banks and other debt holders). The debt reduction trend observed in the late 1980s therefore shows the effect of institutional reforms to reduce the cost of access to equity capital and the importance of information requirements (launching of the unlisted securities market in France, development of risk capital, etc.). . An empirical study of a sample group of companies at the end of the 1980s confirms the pertinence for France of an analytic grid based on agency theories: constraints on access to resources, which are interpreted as informational constraints, unquestionably play a significant role in explaining the higher indebtedness of small, young, unlisted firms. The presence of financial institutions in a company's capital moreover improves the information available to all the creditors and encourages them to invest more of their resources in the company. Lastly, the firm's ability to mix secured liabilities means that it can mobilize long-term resources more easily.

Suggested Citation

  • Jérôme Bourdieu & Béatrice Colin-Sédillot, 1993. "Structure du capital et coûts d'information : le cas des entreprises françaises à la fin des années quatre-vingt," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 268(1), pages 87-100.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1993_num_268_1_5812
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1993.5812
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1993.5812
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Romain FOGO PAWO, 2020. "déterminants objectifs de l’endettement en contexte de rationnement du crédit," Journal of Academic Finance, RED research unit, university of Gabes, Tunisia, vol. 11(2), pages 280-292, December.
    2. Patrick sergio NZUGUEM KOUAM & Aurel Merlin LATI KINMENE & Simplice Gaël TONMO & Laurent NDJANYOU, 2023. "Contraintes financières et capacités d’innovation des petites et moyennes entreprises en période de crise," Journal of Academic Finance, RED research unit, university of Gabes, Tunisia, vol. 14(2), pages 142-161, December.
    3. Françoise Renversez, 2008. "De l'économie d'endettement à l'économie de marchés financiers," Working Papers hal-04140743, HAL.
    4. Christel Dubrulle, 2002. "Le Role Des Salaries Dans La Relation Banque-Entreprise," Post-Print halshs-00584465, HAL.
    5. Kremp Elizabeth & Stöß Elmar, 2001. "Estimating the Borrowing Behavior of French and German Firms. An Econometric Analysis / Verschuldungsverhalten französischer und deutscher Unternehmen. Eine ökonometrische Analyse," Journal of Economics and Statistics (Jahrbuecher fuer Nationaloekonomie und Statistik), De Gruyter, vol. 221(5-6), pages 620-647, October.
    6. Philippe Adair & Mohamed Adaskou, 2019. "Credit rationing and French mature SMEs: A disequilibrium model (2002-2010)," Erudite Working Paper 2019-02, Erudite.
    7. Philippe Adair & Mohamed Adaskou, 2020. "Credit Rationing and Mature French SMEs: A Disequilibrium Model," World Journal of Applied Economics, WERI-World Economic Research Institute, vol. 6(1), pages 55-72, June.
    8. Philippe Adair, 2014. "Théorie du compromis versus Théorie du financement hiérarchique : une analyse sur un panel de PME non cotées," Post-Print hal-01667235, HAL.
    9. Philippe Adair & Mohamed Adaskou, 2016. "The determinants of credit rationing of SMEs in France: A disequilibrium model upon a balanced panel [Les déterminants du rationnement du crédit des PME en France : un modèle de déséquilibre sur un," Post-Print hal-01667299, HAL.
    10. Piet van Gennip, 2005. "Loan Extension in China: a Rational Affair," DNB Working Papers 037, Netherlands Central Bank, Research Department.
    11. Romain FOGO PAWO, 2020. "les déterminants objectifs de l’endettement en contexte de rationnement du crédit," Journal of Academic Finance, RED research unit, university of Gabes, Tunisia, vol. 11(2), pages 280-292, December.

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