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Emploi et productivité dans la CEE

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  • Robert Boyer
  • Pascal Petit

Abstract

[spa] Empleo y productividad en la CEE - El artículo expone las tendencias y déterminantes del empleo por rama para el conjunto de la CEE y, a continuación, para la Republica federal alemana, Francia, Italia, Países Bajos y Reino-Unido conforme se presentaron de 1960 a 1977. Las relaciones empleo-crecimiento según ramas y países pertenecen, al parecer, a tres tipos principales lo cual pone de manifiesto las especificidades persistentes debidas a los distintos sistemas productivos. En cambio, es de notar que los niveles de productividad aparente laboral, los que en el interior de cada rama se asemejaron hasta 1967, son objeto desde entonces de tendencias mis pronto divergentes, lo que no dejaron de ser durante el período de 1974 a 1977. Lo confirman las desformaciones de funciones de empleo después de 1973 que traducen una menor rapidez de ajustamiento del empleo y o una ralentización de la acumulación o del desarrollo técnico. Así pues, por un lado las industrias belga, alemana y neerlandesa prolongan o intensifican sus esfuerzos de adaptation mientras que por el otro las industrias británica e italiana, aunque sometidas a distintas tendencias largas, experimentan ambas crecientes dificultades; la industria francesa, según el factor examinado, pertenece a uno o otro de ambos grupos. Es factible desprender de estos trabajos dos ensenanzas. Por un lado, la prolongación de esas tendencias a lo largo del perlodo de 1974 a 1977 no dejaría de acrecentar las tensiones considerables ya en el interior de la CEE, las que estan originadas por dinámicas parcialmente divergentes respecto a sistemas productivos. Por el otro, de proseguir la ralentización general del crecimiento y teniendose en cuenta la descontada evolution de la población activa, es de prever un acrecentamiento de los problemas de empleo, incluso a pesar de una probable deceleraciónn de la productividad. Además, es dudoso que la búsqueda de ganancias acrecentadas de productividad pueda bastar para promover un número de creaciones de empleo tan importante como el que se pudo verificar en los años del sesenta, ya que el dinamismo de la demanda mundial desempenaba a la sazón un papel primordial. [fre] L'article présente quelles ont été de 1960 à 1977 les tendances et les déterminants de l'emploi par branche pour l'ensemble de la CEE puis la RFA, la France, l'Italie, les Pays-Bas, la Belgique, et le Royaume-Uni. Les relations emploi-croissance selon les branches et les pays apparaissent appartenir à trois typesjprindpaux, ce qui rend compte de spécificités persistantes des divers systèmes productifs. Il apparaît par contre que les niveaux de productivité apparente du travail qui, à l'intérieur de chaque branche, s'étaient rapprochés jusqu'en 1967 sont l'objet, depuis lors, de tendances plutôt divergentes, que n'interrompent pas les années 1974-1977. C'est ce que confirment les déformations de fonctions d'emploi après 1973, lesquelles traduisent une moindre vitesse d'ajustement de l'emploi et ou un ralentissement de l'accumulation ou du progrès technique. Ainsi d'un côté les industries belge, allemande et néerlandaise prolongent ou accentuent leurs efforts d'adaptation, alors que de l'autre, les industries britannique et italienne, bien que soumises à des tendances longues différentes, connaissent toutes deux des difficultés accrues, l'industrie française se rattachant selon le facteur considéré à l'un ou l'autre de ces deux groupes. De ces travaux se dégagent deux enseignements. D'une part, le prolongement des tendances sur la période 1974-1977 ne manquerait pas d'accentuer les tensions au sein de la CEE déjà vives, qui ont pour origine des dynamiques partiellement divergentes des systèmes productifs. D'autre part, pour autant que se poursuive le ralentissement général de la croissance et compte tenu de l'évolution attendue de la population active, il faut s'attendre à une montée des problèmes d'emploi, en dépit même d'une décélération probable de la productivité. En outre, il est douteux que la recherche de gains de productivité accrus suffise à assurer, à terme, des créations d'emplois aussi nombreuses que celles observées lors des années soixante, car le dynamisme de ta demande mondiale jouait alors un rôle essentiel. [eng] Employment and productivity in the EEC - The article presents the tendencies and determinants of employment by branch from 1960 to 1977, for the whole of the EEC, then for West Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom. The relation employment-growth, according to branch and country, appears to belong to three principle types which bring out the persistent specificities of the different systems of production. It appears that the levels of apparent productivity of work, inside each branch, drew nearer together until 1967. Since then, they have become the object of divergent tendencies which were not interrupted between the years 1974 to 1977. The deformations of work functions after 1973 confirm this, producing a slower rate of employment adjustment and/or a slowing-down of accumulation or of technical progress. Thus, on one hand, Belgian, German and Dutch industries prolong or emphasize their efforts to adapt; while on the other hand, British and Italian industries, although under the influence of different long- term tendencies, are both experiencing inherent difficulties. French industry is sometimes connected to one or the other of these two groups, depending upon the factor taken into consideration. From these studies, two lessons become clear. On the one hand, the extension of tendencies during the period from 1974 to 1977 emphasizes the pressures already great within the EEC, which spring from the partially divergent dynamics of the production systems. On the other hand, for as long as the general slow-down of growth continues, and the expected evolution of the active population is considered, one should expect a rise in the number of employment problems, even in spite of the probable deceleration of productivity. It is unlikely that the pursuit of profits from accrued productivity will suffice to assure, in the long run, the creation of jobs as numerous as those seen during the 1960's. The dynamism of world demand played an essential role then.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Boyer & Pascal Petit, 1980. "Emploi et productivité dans la CEE," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 121(1), pages 35-59.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1980_num_121_1_4346
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1980.4346
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1980.4346
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jacques Mistral, 1978. "Compétitivité et formation du capital en longue période," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 97(1), pages 3-23.
    2. Claude Simon, 1974. "Les difficultés de comparaison internationale des produits nationaux : l'exemple France-Allemagne," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 52(1), pages 43-46.
    3. de Klerk, R A & van der Laan, H B M & Thio, K B T, 1977. "Unemployment in the Netherlands: A Criticism of the den Hartog-Tjan Vintage Model," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 1(3), pages 291-306, September.
    4. Cornwall, John, 1976. "Diffusion, Convergence and Kaldor's Laws," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 86(342), pages 307-314, June.
    5. Hugues Picard, 1979. "Les pays selon leur PIB en valeur réelle," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 111(1), pages 47-63.
    6. Rowthorn, R E, 1975. "What Remains of Kaldor's Law?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 85(337), pages 10-19, March.
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    1. Aglietta, Michel & Boyer Robert, 1982. "Poles de compétitivité, stratégie industrielle et politique macroéconomique," CEPREMAP Working Papers (Couverture Orange) 8223, CEPREMAP.
    2. Brigitte Dormont, 1984. "Productivité-croissance. Quelle relation à moyen-long terme ? Un rapprochement des modèles de Brechling et de Kaldor-Verdoorn," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 35(3), pages 447-478.

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