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Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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  • Yeli Wang
  • Monica Palanichamy Kala
  • Tazeen H Jafar

Abstract

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has escalated the burden of psychological distress. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with psychological distress among the predominantly general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and World Health Organization COVID-19 databases (Dec 2019–15 July 2020). We included cross-sectional studies that reported factors associated with psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Primary outcomes were self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression. Random-effects models were used to pool odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42020186735). Findings: We included 68 studies comprising 288,830 participants from 19 countries. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 33% (95% CI: 28%-39%) and 30% (26%-36%). Women versus men (OR: 1.48 [95% CI: 1.29–1.71; I2 = 90.8%]), younger versus older (

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  • Yeli Wang & Monica Palanichamy Kala & Tazeen H Jafar, 2020. "Factors associated with psychological distress during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the predominantly general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(12), pages 1-27, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0244630
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244630
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    1. Fumiya Tanji & Yuki Kodama, 2021. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Associated Factors in Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-10, October.
    2. Sana Malik & Melissa Bessaha & Kathleen Scarbrough & Jessica Younger & Wei Hou, 2023. "Self-Reported Depression and Anxiety among Graduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Examining Risk and Protective Factors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-16, April.
    3. Katarzyna Sekścińska & Agata Trzcińska & Daniel Pankowski & Ewa Pisula & Kinga Wytrychiewicz-Pankowska, 2022. "Financial Factors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, February.
    4. Meichun Mohler-Kuo & Shota Dzemaili & Simon Foster & Laura Werlen & Susanne Walitza, 2021. "Stress and Mental Health among Children/Adolescents, Their Parents, and Young Adults during the First COVID-19 Lockdown in Switzerland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-17, April.
    5. Moussa Antar & Hansjoerg Ullerich & Andreas Zaruchas & Torsten Meier & Ricarda Diller & Ulrich Pannewick & Sameer A. Dhayat, 2024. "Long-Term Quality of Life after COVID-19 Infection: Cross-Sectional Study of Health Care Workers," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(2), pages 1-17, February.
    6. Ronald J. Maliao & Pepito R. Fernandez & Rodelio F. Subade, 2023. "Well-being of artisanal fishing communities and children’s engagement in fisheries amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a case in Aklan, Philippines," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 10(1), pages 1-12, December.
    7. Gianluca Ciuffreda & Sara Cabanillas-Barea & Andoni Carrasco-Uribarren & María Isabel Albarova-Corral & María Irache Argüello-Espinosa & Yolanda Marcén-Román, 2021. "Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety in Adults ≥60 Years Old during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(22), pages 1-17, November.
    8. Stephanie Deeb & Devin Madden & Timnit Ghebretinsae & Joyce Lin & Umut Ozbek & Victoria Mayer & Nita Vangeepuram, 2022. "Child Disruptions, Remote Learning, and Parent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, May.
    9. Javier Santabarbara & Nahia Idoiaga & Naiara Ozamiz-Etxebarria & Juan Bueno-Notivol, 2021. "Prevalence of Anxiety in Dental Students during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(20), pages 1-14, October.
    10. Ahmed Suparno Bahar Moni & Shalimar Abdullah & Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah & Mohammed Shahjahan Kabir & Sheikh M Alif & Farhana Sultana & Masudus Salehin & Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam &, 2021. "Psychological distress, fear and coping among Malaysians during the COVID-19 pandemic," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(9), pages 1-21, September.
    11. Nada Marić & Aleksandar Popović & Sonja Peričević Medić & Milorad Španović & Nataša Maksimović, 2023. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Problems among Essential and Nonessential Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic, June 2021, in an Unstable and Developing Country: A Cross-Sectional," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(6), pages 1-18, March.
    12. Snow Yunni Lin & Jian Han Tan & Brenda Xian Hui Tay & John Paul Chern Shwen Koh & Lei Siew & Marcus Cher Hean Teo & Jeremy Yen Chin Tan & Saima Hilal, 2022. "Exploring the Socio-Demographic and Psychosocial Factors That Enhance Resilience in the COVID-19 Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-11, October.
    13. Claudia Salceanu, 2021. "Big-Five Personality Traits and Cognitive Skills in Higher Education in the Pandemic Context," Postmodern Openings, Editura Lumen, Department of Economics, vol. 12(3), pages 267-287, August.
    14. Dorota Kornas-Biela & Klaudia Martynowska & Leehu Zysberg, 2023. "‘With a Little Help from My Friends’: Emotional Intelligence, Social Support, and Distress during the COVID-19 Outbreak," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-13, January.
    15. Cristina Mazza & Marco Colasanti & Eleonora Ricci & Serena Di Giandomenico & Daniela Marchetti & Lilybeth Fontanesi & Maria Cristina Verrocchio & Stefano Ferracuti & Paolo Roma, 2021. "The COVID-19 Outbreak and Psychological Distress in Healthcare Workers: The Role of Personality Traits, Attachment Styles, and Sociodemographic Factors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, April.
    16. Fang-Yi Tsai & Hannah Schillok & Michaela Coenen & Christina Merkel & Caroline Jung-Sievers & on behalf of the COSMO Study Group, 2022. "The Well-Being of the German Adult Population Measured with the WHO-5 over Different Phases of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis within the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring Study (COSMO)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-27, March.
    17. Sandy Laham & Leticia Bertuzzi & Séverine Deguen & Irwin Hecker & Maria Melchior & Martina Patanè & Irene Pinucci & Marit Sijbrandij & Judith van der Waerden, 2021. "Impact of Longitudinal Social Support and Loneliness Trajectories on Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in France," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-15, December.
    18. Angelo Braga Mendonça & Eliane Ramos Pereira & Carinne Magnago & Pedro Gilson da Silva & Diva Cristina Morett Leão & Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade Silva & Karina Cardoso Meira, 2021. "Distress and Spiritual Well-Being in Brazilian Patients Initiating Chemotherapy during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-27, December.
    19. Giuseppe Francesco Papalia & Giorgia Petrucci & Fabrizio Russo & Luca Ambrosio & Gianluca Vadalà & Sergio Iavicoli & Rocco Papalia & Vincenzo Denaro, 2022. "COVID-19 Pandemic Increases the Impact of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-11, April.
    20. Keiko Sasaki & Tomohiro Ichinose, 2022. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the General Public in Urban and Rural Areas in Southern Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    21. Jan Delhey & Stephanie Hess & Klaus Boehnke & Franziska Deutsch & Jan Eichhorn & Ulrich Kühnen & Christian Welzel, 2023. "Life Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Human, Economic, Social, and Psychological Capital," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 24(7), pages 2201-2222, October.
    22. Yasuhiko Deguchi & Shinichi Iwasaki & Akihiro Niki & Aya Kadowaki & Tomoyuki Hirota & Yoshiki Shirahama & Yoko Nakamichi & Yutaro Okawa & Yuki Uesaka & Koki Inoue, 2022. "Relationships between Occupational Stress, Change in Work Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms among Non-Healthcare Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-14, January.
    23. Hafsah Saeed & Ardalan Eslami & Najah T. Nassif & Ann M. Simpson & Sara Lal, 2022. "Anxiety Linked to COVID-19: A Systematic Review Comparing Anxiety Rates in Different Populations," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-26, February.

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