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Predictions from masked motion with and without obstacles

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  • Ariel Goldstein
  • Ido Rivlin
  • Alon Goldstein
  • Yoni Pertzov
  • Ran R Hassin

Abstract

Predicting the future is essential for organisms like Homo sapiens, who live in a dynamic and ever-changing world. Previous research has established that conscious stimuli can lead to non-conscious predictions. Here we examine whether masked stimuli can also induce such predictions. We use masked movement–with and without obstacles–to examine predictions from masked stimuli. In six experiments a moving object was masked using continuous flash suppression (CFS). A few hundred milliseconds after the object had disappeared, a conscious probe appeared in a location that was either consistent with the masked stimulus or not. In Experiments 1–3 the movement was linear, and reaction times (RTs) indicated predictions that were based on direction and speed of movement. In Experiment 4, the masked moving object collided with an obstacle and then disappeared. Predictions in this case should reflect deflection, and indeed reaction times revealed predictions on the deflection route. In Experiments 5 and 6 we introduce an innovative way of using eye-tracking during continuous flash suppression (CFS) and report physiological evidence–in the forms of eye-movements–for masked stimuli induced predictions. We thus conclude that humans can use dynamic masked stimuli to generate active predictions about the future, and use these predictions to guide behavior. We also discuss the possible interpretations of these findings in light of the current scientific discussion regarding the relation between masked presentation, subliminal perception and awareness measurement methods.

Suggested Citation

  • Ariel Goldstein & Ido Rivlin & Alon Goldstein & Yoni Pertzov & Ran R Hassin, 2020. "Predictions from masked motion with and without obstacles," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-35, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0239839
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239839
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. J. Randall Flanagan & Roland S. Johansson, 2003. "Action plans used in action observation," Nature, Nature, vol. 424(6950), pages 769-771, August.
    3. Stanislas Dehaene & Lionel Naccache & Gurvan Le Clec'H & Etienne Koechlin & Michael Mueller & Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz & Pierre-FranÇois van de Moortele & Denis Le Bihan, 1998. "Imaging unconscious semantic priming," Nature, Nature, vol. 395(6702), pages 597-600, October.
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