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A Cognitive Ethology Study of First- and Third-Person Perspectives

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  • Joseph D Chisholm
  • Craig S Chapman
  • Marvin Amm
  • Walter F Bischof
  • Dan Smilek
  • Alan Kingstone

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to test the cognitive ethology approach, which seeks to link cognitions and behaviours as they operate in everyday life with those studied in controlled lab-based investigations. Our test bed was the understanding of first-person and third-person perspectives, which in lab-based investigations have been defined in a diverse and multi-faceted manner. We hypothesized that because these lab-based investigations seek to connect with how first- and third-person perspective operates in everyday life, then either some of the divergent lab-based definitions are missing their mark or the everyday conceptualization of first- and third-person perspective is multi-faceted. Our investigation revealed the latter. By applying a cognitive ethology approach we were able to determine that a) peoples’ everyday understanding of perspective is diverse yet reliable, and b) a lab-based investigation that applies these diverse understandings in a controlled setting can accurately predict how people will perform. These findings provide a ‘proof of concept’ for the cognitive ethology approach. Moreover, the present data demonstrate that previous lab-based studies, that often had very different understandings of first- and third-person perspective, were each in and of themselves valid. That is, each is capturing part of a broader understanding of perspective in everyday life. Our results also revealed a novel social factor not included in traditional conceptualizations of first-person third-perspective, that of eye gaze, i.e., eye contact is equated strongly with first-person perspective and the lack of eye-contact with third-person perspective.

Suggested Citation

  • Joseph D Chisholm & Craig S Chapman & Marvin Amm & Walter F Bischof & Dan Smilek & Alan Kingstone, 2014. "A Cognitive Ethology Study of First- and Third-Person Perspectives," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(3), pages 1-10, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0092696
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092696
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. J. Randall Flanagan & Roland S. Johansson, 2003. "Action plans used in action observation," Nature, Nature, vol. 424(6950), pages 769-771, August.
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