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Applying machine learning in motor activity time series of depressed bipolar and unipolar patients compared to healthy controls

Author

Listed:
  • Petter Jakobsen
  • Enrique Garcia-Ceja
  • Michael Riegler
  • Lena Antonsen Stabell
  • Tine Nordgreen
  • Jim Torresen
  • Ole Bernt Fasmer
  • Ketil Joachim Oedegaard

Abstract

Current practice of assessing mood episodes in affective disorders largely depends on subjective observations combined with semi-structured clinical rating scales. Motor activity is an objective observation of the inner physiological state expressed in behavior patterns. Alterations of motor activity are essential features of bipolar and unipolar depression. The aim was to investigate if objective measures of motor activity can aid existing diagnostic practice, by applying machine-learning techniques to analyze activity patterns in depressed patients and healthy controls. Random Forrest, Deep Neural Network and Convolutional Neural Network algorithms were used to analyze 14 days of actigraph recorded motor activity from 23 depressed patients and 32 healthy controls. Statistical features analyzed in the dataset were mean activity, standard deviation of mean activity and proportion of zero activity. Various techniques to handle data imbalance were applied, and to ensure generalizability and avoid overfitting a Leave-One-User-Out validation strategy was utilized. All outcomes reports as measures of accuracy for binary tests. A Deep Neural Network combined with SMOTE class balancing technique performed a cut above the rest with a true positive rate of 0.82 (sensitivity) and a true negative rate of 0.84 (specificity). Accuracy was 0.84 and the Matthews Correlation Coefficient 0.65. Misclassifications appear related to data overlapping among the classes, so an appropriate future approach will be to compare mood states intra-individualistically. In summary, machine-learning techniques present promising abilities in discriminating between depressed patients and healthy controls in motor activity time series.

Suggested Citation

  • Petter Jakobsen & Enrique Garcia-Ceja & Michael Riegler & Lena Antonsen Stabell & Tine Nordgreen & Jim Torresen & Ole Bernt Fasmer & Ketil Joachim Oedegaard, 2020. "Applying machine learning in motor activity time series of depressed bipolar and unipolar patients compared to healthy controls," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-16, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0231995
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231995
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erik R Hauge & Jan Øystein Berle & Ketil J Oedegaard & Fred Holsten & Ole Bernt Fasmer, 2011. "Nonlinear Analysis of Motor Activity Shows Differences between Schizophrenia and Depression: A Study Using Fourier Analysis and Sample Entropy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(1), pages 1-10, January.
    2. Karoline Krane-Gartiser & Tone Elise Gjotterud Henriksen & Gunnar Morken & Arne Vaaler & Ole Bernt Fasmer, 2014. "Actigraphic Assessment of Motor Activity in Acutely Admitted Inpatients with Bipolar Disorder," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-9, February.
    3. Sabri Boughorbel & Fethi Jarray & Mohammed El-Anbari, 2017. "Optimal classifier for imbalanced data using Matthews Correlation Coefficient metric," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(6), pages 1-17, June.
    4. Erlend Eindride Fasmer & Ole Bernt Fasmer & Jan Øystein Berle & Ketil J Oedegaard & Erik R Hauge, 2018. "Graph theory applied to the analysis of motor activity in patients with schizophrenia and depression," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-19, April.
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    1. Petter Jakobsen & Andrea Stautland & Michael Alexander Riegler & Ulysse Côté-Allard & Zahra Sepasdar & Tine Nordgreen & Jim Torresen & Ole Bernt Fasmer & Ketil Joachim Oedegaard, 2022. "Complexity and variability analyses of motor activity distinguish mood states in bipolar disorder," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(1), pages 1-19, January.

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