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Nonlinear Analysis of Motor Activity Shows Differences between Schizophrenia and Depression: A Study Using Fourier Analysis and Sample Entropy

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  • Erik R Hauge
  • Jan Øystein Berle
  • Ketil J Oedegaard
  • Fred Holsten
  • Ole Bernt Fasmer

Abstract

The purpose of this study has been to describe motor activity data obtained by using wrist-worn actigraphs in patients with schizophrenia and major depression by the use of linear and non-linear methods of analysis. Different time frames were investigated, i.e., activity counts measured every minute for up to five hours and activity counts made hourly for up to two weeks. The results show that motor activity was lower in the schizophrenic patients and in patients with major depression, compared to controls. Using one minute intervals the depressed patients had a higher standard deviation (SD) compared to both the schizophrenic patients and the controls. The ratio between the root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) and SD was higher in the schizophrenic patients compared to controls. The Fourier analysis of the activity counts measured every minute showed that the relation between variance in the low and the high frequency range was lower in the schizophrenic patients compared to the controls. The sample entropy was higher in the schizophrenic patients compared to controls in the time series from the activity counts made every minute. The main conclusions of the study are that schizophrenic and depressive patients have distinctly different profiles of motor activity and that the results differ according to period length analysed.

Suggested Citation

  • Erik R Hauge & Jan Øystein Berle & Ketil J Oedegaard & Fred Holsten & Ole Bernt Fasmer, 2011. "Nonlinear Analysis of Motor Activity Shows Differences between Schizophrenia and Depression: A Study Using Fourier Analysis and Sample Entropy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(1), pages 1-10, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0016291
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016291
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    Cited by:

    1. Karoline Krane-Gartiser & Tone Elise Gjotterud Henriksen & Gunnar Morken & Arne Vaaler & Ole Bernt Fasmer, 2014. "Actigraphic Assessment of Motor Activity in Acutely Admitted Inpatients with Bipolar Disorder," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-9, February.
    2. Petter Jakobsen & Enrique Garcia-Ceja & Michael Riegler & Lena Antonsen Stabell & Tine Nordgreen & Jim Torresen & Ole Bernt Fasmer & Ketil Joachim Oedegaard, 2020. "Applying machine learning in motor activity time series of depressed bipolar and unipolar patients compared to healthy controls," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-16, August.
    3. Premananda Indic & Paola Salvatore & Carlo Maggini & Stefano Ghidini & Gabriella Ferraro & Ross J Baldessarini & Greg Murray, 2011. "Scaling Behavior of Human Locomotor Activity Amplitude: Association with Bipolar Disorder," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(5), pages 1-8, May.
    4. Ole Bernt Fasmer & Erlend Eindride Fasmer & Kristin Mjeldheim & Wenche Førland & Vigdis Elin Giæver Syrstad & Petter Jakobsen & Jan Øystein Berle & Tone E G Henriksen & Zahra Sepasdar & Erik R Hauge &, 2020. "Diurnal variation of motor activity in adult ADHD patients analyzed with methods from graph theory," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-18, November.

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