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A Heat Vulnerability Index: Spatial Patterns of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity for Santiago de Chile

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  • Luis Inostroza
  • Massimo Palme
  • Francisco de la Barrera

Abstract

Climate change will worsen the high levels of urban vulnerability in Latin American cities due to specific environmental stressors. Some impacts of climate change, such as high temperatures in urban environments, have not yet been addressed through adaptation strategies, which are based on poorly supported data. These impacts remain outside the scope of urban planning. New spatially explicit approaches that identify highly vulnerable urban areas and include specific adaptation requirements are needed in current urban planning practices to cope with heat hazards. In this paper, a heat vulnerability index is proposed for Santiago, Chile. The index was created using a GIS-based spatial information system and was constructed from spatially explicit indexes for exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity levels derived from remote sensing data and socio-economic information assessed via principal component analysis (PCA). The objective of this study is to determine the levels of heat vulnerability at local scales by providing insights into these indexes at the intra city scale. The results reveal a spatial pattern of heat vulnerability with strong variations among individual spatial indexes. While exposure and adaptive capacities depict a clear spatial pattern, sensitivity follows a complex spatial distribution. These conditions change when examining PCA results, showing that sensitivity is more robust than exposure and adaptive capacity. These indexes can be used both for urban planning purposes and for proposing specific policies and measures that can help minimize heat hazards in highly dynamic urban areas. The proposed methodology can be applied to other Latin American cities to support policy making.

Suggested Citation

  • Luis Inostroza & Massimo Palme & Francisco de la Barrera, 2016. "A Heat Vulnerability Index: Spatial Patterns of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity for Santiago de Chile," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(9), pages 1-26, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0162464
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162464
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Leyre Echevarría Icaza & Andy Van den Dobbelsteen & Frank Van der Hoeven, 2016. "Integrating Urban Heat Assessment in Urban Plans," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(4), pages 1-15, March.
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    2. Kijin Seong & Junfeng Jiao & Akhil Mandalapu, 2023. "Evaluating the effects of heat vulnerability on heat-related emergency medical service incidents: Lessons from Austin, Texas," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 50(3), pages 776-795, March.
    3. Lucille Alonso & Florent Renard, 2020. "A Comparative Study of the Physiological and Socio-Economic Vulnerabilities to Heat Waves of the Population of the Metropolis of Lyon (France) in a Climate Change Context," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-21, February.
    4. Dongying Li & Galen D Newman & Bev Wilson & Yue Zhang & Robert D Brown, 2022. "Modeling the relationships between historical redlining, urban heat, and heat-related emergency department visits: An examination of 11 Texas cities," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(3), pages 933-952, March.
    5. Fernández, Ignacio C., 2019. "A multiple-class distance-decaying approach for mapping temperature reduction ecosystem services provided by urban vegetation in Santiago de Chile," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 193-201.
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    8. Suresh Kumar Rathi & Soham Chakraborty & Saswat Kishore Mishra & Ambarish Dutta & Lipika Nanda, 2021. "A Heat Vulnerability Index: Spatial Patterns of Exposure, Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity for Urbanites of Four Cities of India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-17, December.
    9. Angela Rosa & Angela Santangelo & Simona Tondelli, 2021. "Investigating the Integration of Cultural Heritage Disaster Risk Management into Urban Planning Tools. The Ravenna Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-24, January.
    10. You Jin Kwon & Dong Kun Lee & You Ha Kwon, 2020. "Is Sensible Heat Flux Useful for the Assessment of Thermal Vulnerability in Seoul (Korea)?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-26, February.
    11. Nawhath Thanvisitthpon, 2023. "Statistically Validated Urban Heat Island Risk Indicators for UHI Susceptibility Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-21, January.
    12. Lipika Nanda & Soham Chakraborty & Saswat Kishore Mishra & Ambarish Dutta & Suresh Kumar Rathi, 2022. "Characteristics of Households’ Vulnerability to Extreme Heat: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study from India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-14, November.
    13. Carlota García Díaz & David Zambrana-Vasquez & Carmen Bartolomé, 2024. "Building Resilient Cities: A Comprehensive Review of Climate Change Adaptation Indicators for Urban Design," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.
    14. Rong Li & Rui Han & Qianru Yu & Shuang Qi & Luo Guo, 2020. "Spatial Heterogeneous of Ecological Vulnerability in Arid and Semi-Arid Area: A Case of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-15, May.
    15. Xiaojun Huang & Yanyu Li & Yuhui Guo & Dianyuan Zheng & Mingyue Qi, 2020. "Assessing Urban Risk to Extreme Heat in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-17, April.
    16. Mariana Ayala-Carrillo & Michelle Farfán & Anahí Cárdenas-Nielsen & Richard Lemoine-Rodríguez, 2022. "Are Wildfires in the Wildland-Urban Interface Increasing Temperatures? A Land Surface Temperature Assessment in a Semi-Arid Mexican City," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(12), pages 1-15, November.
    17. Minxuan Zheng & Jiahua Zhang & Lamei Shi & Da Zhang & Til Prasad Pangali Sharma & Foyez Ahmed Prodhan, 2020. "Mapping Heat-Related Risks in Northern Jiangxi Province of China Based on Two Spatial Assessment Frameworks Approaches," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-24, September.
    18. Guillaume Rohat & Olga Wilhelmi & Johannes Flacke & Andrew Monaghan & Jing Gao & Martin Maarseveen & Hy Dao, 2021. "Assessing urban heat-related adaptation strategies under multiple futures for a major U.S. city," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 164(3), pages 1-20, February.
    19. Zhi Cai & Yan Tang & Kai Chen & Guifeng Han, 2019. "Assessing the Heat Vulnerability of Different Local Climate Zones in the Old Areas of a Chinese Megacity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-15, April.
    20. Mercy J. Borbor-Cordova & Geremy Ger & Angel A. Valdiviezo-Ajila & Mijail Arias-Hidalgo & David Matamoros & Indira Nolivos & Gonzalo Menoscal-Aldas & Federica Valle & Alessandro Pezzoli & Maria del Pi, 2020. "An Operational Framework for Urban Vulnerability to Floods in the Guayas Estuary Region: The Duran Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(24), pages 1-23, December.
    21. Rasoul Maleki & Mehdi Nooripoor & Hossein Azadi & Philippe Lebailly, 2018. "Vulnerability Assessment of Rural Households to Urmia Lake Drying (the Case of Shabestar Region)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-20, June.
    22. Jan-Philipp Sasse & Evelina Trutnevyte, 2023. "A low-carbon electricity sector in Europe risks sustaining regional inequalities in benefits and vulnerabilities," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-15, December.

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