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Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)

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  • Yu-Hsuan Lin
  • Li-Ren Chang
  • Yang-Han Lee
  • Hsien-Wei Tseng
  • Terry B J Kuo
  • Sue-Huei Chen

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated. Methods: A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9±2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internal-consistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test–retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations = 0.74–0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56–0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction.

Suggested Citation

  • Yu-Hsuan Lin & Li-Ren Chang & Yang-Han Lee & Hsien-Wei Tseng & Terry B J Kuo & Sue-Huei Chen, 2014. "Development and Validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(6), pages 1-5, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0098312
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098312
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Min Kwon & Joon-Yeop Lee & Wang-Youn Won & Jae-Woo Park & Jung-Ah Min & Changtae Hahn & Xinyu Gu & Ji-Hye Choi & Dai-Jin Kim, 2013. "Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(2), pages 1-7, February.
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    1. Gökçearslan, Şahin & Uluyol, Çelebi & Şahin, Sami, 2018. "Smartphone addiction, cyberloafing, stress and social support among university students: A path analysis," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 91(C), pages 47-54.
    2. Kiss, Hedvig & Fitzpatrick, Kevin M. & Piko, Bettina F., 2020. "The digital divide: Risk and protective factors and the differences in problematic use of digital devices among Hungarian youth," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    3. Tim Schulz van Endert, 2021. "Addictive use of digital devices in young children: Associations with delay discounting, self-control and academic performance," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-12, June.
    4. Sabakun Naher Shetu & Md. Muzahidul Islam & Sadia Islam Promi, 2022. "An Empirical Investigation of the Continued Usage Intention of Digital Wallets: The Moderating Role of Perceived Technological Innovativeness," Future Business Journal, Springer, vol. 8(1), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Yang Gyeong Yoo & Min Jeong Lee & Boas Yu & Mi Ra Yun, 2019. "The Effect of Mind Subtraction Meditation on Smartphone Addiction in School Children," Global Journal of Health Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 11(10), pages 1-16, September.
    6. Conchín Simó-Sanz & Mª Luisa Ballestar-Tarín & Antonio Martínez-Sabater, 2018. "Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI): Translation, adaptation and validation of the tool in Spanish adult population," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(10), pages 1-12, October.
    7. Jahng, Kyung Eun, 2019. "Maternal abusive parenting and young South Korean adolescents' problematic smartphone use: The moderating effects of time spent hanging out with peers and trusting peer relationships," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 96-104.
    8. Mutiat Sola ASIYANBI & PROF. Rotimi Adebayo ANIMASAHUN, 2024. "Self-Management Therapy and Creative Problem-Solving Technique on Smartphone Addiction among Public Colleges of Education Students in Oyo State, Nigeria," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(3), pages 1141-1156, March.
    9. Elnur Rustamov & Tunzala Musayeva & Xalida Xalilova & Gultekin Ismayilova & Ulviyya Nahmatova, 2023. "Association between Self-Esteem and Smartphone Addiction: The Mediating Role of Self-Control," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 46(1), pages 256-267, August.
    10. Yookyung Eoh & Eunsik Lee & Soo Hyun Park, 2022. "The Relationship between Children’s School Adaptation, Academic Achievement, Happiness, and Problematic Smartphone Usage: A Multiple Informant Moderated Mediating Model," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(6), pages 3579-3593, December.
    11. Siew Mooi Ching & Anne Yee & Vasudevan Ramachandran & Sazlyna Mohd Sazlly Lim & Wan Aliaa Wan Sulaiman & Yoke Loong Foo & Fan kee Hoo, 2015. "Validation of a Malay Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale among Medical Students in Malaysia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(10), pages 1-11, October.

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