IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0088695.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Extending Employment beyond the Pensionable Age: A Cohort Study of the Influence of Chronic Diseases, Health Risk Factors, and Working Conditions

Author

Listed:
  • Marianna Virtanen
  • Tuula Oksanen
  • G David Batty
  • Leena Ala-Mursula
  • Paula Salo
  • Marko Elovainio
  • Jaana Pentti
  • Katinka Lybäck
  • Jussi Vahtera
  • Mika Kivimäki

Abstract

Background: In response to the economic consequences of ageing of the population, governments are seeking ways with which people might work into older age. We examined the association of working conditions and health with extended employment (defined as >6 months beyond the pensionable age) in a cohort of older, non-disabled employees who have reached old-age retirement. Methods: A total of 4,677 Finnish employees who reached their old-age pensionable date between 2005 and 2011 (mean age 59.8 years in 2005, 73% women) had their survey responses before pensionable age linked to national health and pension registers, resulting in a prospective cohort study. Results: In all, 832 participants (17.8%) extended their employment by more than 6 months beyond the pensionable date. After multivariable adjustment, the following factors were associated with extended employment: absence of diagnosed mental disorder (OR 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.01–1.54) and psychological distress (OR 1.68; 1.35–2.08) and of the work characteristics, high work time control (OR 2.31; 1.88–2.84). The projected probability of extended employment was 21.3% (19.5–23.1) among those free of psychiatric morbidity and with high work time control, while the corresponding probability was only 9.2% (7.4–11.4) among those with both psychiatric morbidity and poor work time control. The contribution of chronic somatic diseases was modest. Conclusions: In the present study, good mental health in combination with the opportunity to control work time seem to be key factors in extended employment into older age. In addition, high work time control might promote work life participation irrespective of employees' somatic disease status.

Suggested Citation

  • Marianna Virtanen & Tuula Oksanen & G David Batty & Leena Ala-Mursula & Paula Salo & Marko Elovainio & Jaana Pentti & Katinka Lybäck & Jussi Vahtera & Mika Kivimäki, 2014. "Extending Employment beyond the Pensionable Age: A Cohort Study of the Influence of Chronic Diseases, Health Risk Factors, and Working Conditions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(2), pages 1-8, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0088695
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088695
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088695
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0088695&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0088695?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Karl Kosloski & David Ekerdt & Stanley DeViney, 2001. "The Role of Job-Related Rewards in Retirement Planning," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 56(3), pages 160-169.
    2. Howard Oxley, 2009. "Policies for Healthy Ageing: An Overview," OECD Health Working Papers 42, OECD Publishing.
    3. Marleen Damman & Kène Henkens & Matthijs Kalmijn, 2011. "The Impact of Midlife Educational, Work, Health, and Family Experiences on Men's Early Retirement," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 66(5), pages 617-627.
    4. Agar Brugiavini & Axel B�rsch-Supan & Enrica Croda, 2008. "The Role of Institutions in European Patterns of Work and Retirement," Working Papers 2008_44, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    5. James M. Raymo & John R. Warren & Megan M. Sweeney & Robert M. Hauser & Jeong-Hwa Ho, 2011. "Precarious Employment, Bad Jobs, Labor Unions, and Early Retirement," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 66(2), pages 249-259.
    6. Joaquim Oliveira Martins & Frédéric Gonand & Pablo Antolín & Christine de la Maisonneuve & Kwang-Yeol Yoo, 2005. "The Impact of Ageing on Demand, Factor Markets and Growth," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 420, OECD Publishing.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Julija Moskvina, 2022. "Work after retirement: the evidence of sustainable employment from Lithuanian enterprise," Insights into Regional Development, VsI Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Center, vol. 4(2), pages 52-62, June.
    2. Johanna Stengård & Constanze Leineweber & Marianna Virtanen & Hugo Westerlund & Hui-Xin Wang, 2022. "Do good psychosocial working conditions prolong working lives? Findings from a prospective study in Sweden," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 677-688, September.
    3. Annette Meng & Emil Sundstrup & Lars L. Andersen, 2022. "Employee perception of managers’ attitudes towards older workers is associated with risk of loss of paid work before state pension age: prospective cohort study with register follow-up," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(4), pages 1375-1383, December.
    4. Saana Myllyntausta & Marianna Virtanen & Jaana Pentti & Mika Kivimäki & Jussi Vahtera & Sari Stenholm, 2022. "Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 19(3), pages 599-608, September.
    5. Stephen A Stansfeld & Ewan Carr & Melanie Smuk & Charlotte Clark & Emily Murray & Nicola Shelton & Jenny Head, 2018. "Mid-life psychosocial work environment as a predictor of work exit by age 50," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(4), pages 1-11, April.
    6. Charlotte Muurinen & Matti Laine & Jaana Pentti & Marianna Virtanen & Paula Salo & Mika Kivimäki & Jussi Vahtera & Tuula Oksanen, 2014. "Vertical and Horizontal Trust at Work as Predictors of Retirement Intentions: The Finnish Public Sector Study," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(9), pages 1-7, September.
    7. Annette Meng & Emil Sundstrup & Lars L. Andersen, 2020. "Factors Contributing to Retirement Decisions in Denmark: Comparing Employees Who Expect to Retire before, at, and after the State Pension Age," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-12, May.
    8. M. Kauppi & K. C. Prakash & M. Virtanen & J. Pentti & V. Aalto & T. Oksanen & M. Kivimäki & J. Vahtera & S. Stenholm, 2021. "Social relationships as predictors of extended employment beyond the pensionable age: a cohort study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 491-501, December.
    9. Peter Browne & Ewan Carr & Maria Fleischmann & Baowen Xue & Stephen A. Stansfeld, 2019. "The relationship between workplace psychosocial environment and retirement intentions and actual retirement: a systematic review," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 16(1), pages 73-82, March.
    10. Lisa Toczek & Richard Peter, 2023. "Investigating the influence of work-related stress on early labour market exit: the role of health," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 1-9, December.
    11. Kristina Gyllensten & Kjell Torén & Mats Hagberg & Mia Söderberg, 2020. "A sustainable working life in the car manufacturing industry: The role of psychosocial factors, gender and occupation," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(5), pages 1-12, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Struffolino, Emanuela & Zaccaria, Daniele, 2020. "Did You Realize your Preferences for Early Retirement? Insights on the Agency-Within-Structure Mechanism across Welfare Regimes," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 34(1), pages 33-58.
    2. Marleen Damman & Kène Henkens & Matthijs Kalmijn, 2015. "Women’s Retirement Intentions and Behavior: The Role of Childbearing and Marital Histories," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 31(4), pages 339-363, October.
    3. Ana Poças & Elias Soukiazis, 2010. "Health Status Determinants in the OECD Countries. A Panel Data Approach with Endogenous Regressors," GEMF Working Papers 2010-04, GEMF, Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra.
    4. Hippolyte d'Albis & Fabrice Collard, 2013. "Age groups and the measure of population aging," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 29(23), pages 617-640.
    5. Ruben Bibas & C. Cassen & Renaud Crassous & Céline Guivarch & Meriem Hamdi-Cherif & Jean Charles Hourcade & Florian Leblanc & Aurélie Méjean & Eoin Ó Broin & Julie Rozenberg & Olivier Sassi & Adrien V, 2022. "IMpact Assessment of CLIMate policies with IMACLIM-R 1.1. Model documentation version 1.1," Working Papers hal-03702627, HAL.
    6. Christine Mayrhuber & Ulrike Huemer & Thomas Horvath & Stefan Schiman-Vukan, 2016. "Makroökonomische Effekte einer früheren Anhebung des gesetzlichen Pensionsalters für Frauen in Österreich," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 58803.
    7. Visser, Mark & Fasang, Anette Eva, 2018. "Educational assortative mating and couples’ linked late-life employment trajectories," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 37, pages 79-90.
    8. World Bank, 2008. "Sri Lanka : Addressing the Needs of an Aging Population," World Bank Publications - Reports 8105, The World Bank Group.
    9. Konle-Seidl, Regina, 2010. "Make further vocational training pay : possibilities and limits of promoting transitions by Public Employment Services (PES)," IAB-Discussion Paper 201018, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany].
    10. Céline Guivarch & Renaud Crassous & Olivier Sassi & Stéphane Hallegatte, 2009. "The costs of climate policies in a second best world with labour market," CIRED Working Papers hal-00866429, HAL.
    11. Marijana Badun, 2017. "Determinants of disability pensions in Croatia: the role of institutions," Public Sector Economics, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 41(1), pages 109-128.
    12. Michaël Boissonneault & Jaap Oude Mulders & Konrad Turek & Yves Carriere, 2020. "A systematic review of causes of recent increases in ages of labor market exit in OECD countries," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, April.
    13. Ulrich Thießen & Konstantin A. Kholodilin & Boriss Siliverstovs, 2008. "Does Aging Influence Sectoral Employment Shares?: Evidence from Panel Data," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 785, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    14. Evsey T. Gurvich & Maria A. Ivanova, 2018. "Economic Effect of Population Ageing and Pension Reforms," Finansovyj žhurnal — Financial Journal, Financial Research Institute, Moscow 125375, Russia, issue 5, pages 9-22, October.
    15. Chang Liu & Xue Bai & Martin Knapp, 2022. "Multidimensional Retirement Planning Behaviors, Retirement Confidence, and Post-Retirement Health and Well-Being Among Chinese Older Adults in Hong Kong," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 17(2), pages 833-849, April.
    16. M. Kauppi & K. C. Prakash & M. Virtanen & J. Pentti & V. Aalto & T. Oksanen & M. Kivimäki & J. Vahtera & S. Stenholm, 2021. "Social relationships as predictors of extended employment beyond the pensionable age: a cohort study," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 18(4), pages 491-501, December.
    17. repec:dau:papers:123456789/9826 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Khaled Lahlouh & Delphine Lacaze & Richard Huaman-Ramirez, 2019. "Bridge employment and full retirement intentions: the role of Person-Environment fit," Working Papers hal-02162734, HAL.
    19. Laura Romeu Gordo & Andreas Motel-Klingebiel & Susanne Wurm, 2009. "SOEP as a Source for Research on Ageing: Issues, Measures and Possibilities for Improvement," SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research 173, DIW Berlin, The German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP).
    20. Martin Werding, 2008. "Ageing and Productivity Growth: Are there Macro-level Cohort Effects of Human Capital?," CESifo Working Paper Series 2207, CESifo.
    21. Elizabeth Ann Whitaker & Janet L. Bokemeier, 2018. "Spousal, Family and Gender Effects on Expected Retirement Age for Married Pre-retirees," Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Springer, vol. 39(3), pages 371-385, September.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0088695. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.