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Age-Specific Patterns of Exit and Entry in U.S. Farming, 1978–1997

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  • H. Frederick Gale

Abstract

Gross entry-exit rates by operator age group suggest there is still an underlying trend toward declining numbers of commercial farms, aging of the farm operator population, and an increasing share of farms operated part-time. The number of entries by young farmers declined steadily from 1978 to 1997, as did the exit rate for older operators. Between 1992 and 1997, the entry rate rebounded for farmers over age 35 and those principally employed off-farm. A sharp decline in the exit rate for midcareer farmers also helped stabilize the decline in farm numbers.

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  • H. Frederick Gale, 2003. "Age-Specific Patterns of Exit and Entry in U.S. Farming, 1978–1997," Review of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 25(1), pages 168-186.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:revage:v:25:y:2003:i:1:p:168-186.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/1467-9353.00052
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    1. Viira, Ants-Hannes & Pöder, Anne & Värnik, Rando, 2013. "The Determinants of Farm Growth, Decline and Exit in Estonia," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 62(01), pages 1-13, February.
    2. Ani L. Katchova & Mary Clare Ahearn, 2017. "Farm entry and exit from US agriculture," Agricultural Finance Review, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 77(1), pages 50-63, May.
    3. Viira, Ants-Hannes & Pöder, Anne & Värnik, Rando, 2013. "The Determinants of Farm Growth, Decline and Exit in Estonia," Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development, Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development, vol. 62(1).
    4. Takahashi, Taro & Maruya, Kaori & Nakajima, Toru, 2016. "Non-farmers’ willingness to farm: a large-scale choice experiment to identify policy options that can induce new entry to the agricultural industry," 90th Annual Conference, April 4-6, 2016, Warwick University, Coventry, UK 236368, Agricultural Economics Society.
    5. Li, Xin & Paulson, Nicholas, 2014. "Is Farm Management Skill Persistent?," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 170170, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    6. Dixon, Bruce L. & Ahrendsen, Bruce L. & Nwoha, O. John & Hamm, Sandra J. & Danforth, Diana M., 2007. "FSA Direct Farm Loan Program Graduation Rates and Reasons for Exiting," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 39(3), pages 471-487, December.
    7. Fertő, Imre & Bojnec, Štefan & Iwasaki, Ichiro & Shida, Yoshisada, 2024. "Why do corporate farms survive in Central and Eastern Europe?," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    8. Nadolnyak, D. & Griffin, B. & Hartarska, V., 2018. "Farmer Retirement and Disinvestment in the U.S," 2018 Conference, July 28-August 2, 2018, Vancouver, British Columbia 277184, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    9. Katchova, Ani L. & Ahearn, Mary Clare, 2014. "Farmland Ownership and Leasing: Implications for Young and Beginning Farmers," Staff Papers 184725, University of Kentucky, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    10. Griffin, Bretford & Nadolnyak, Denis A. & Hartarska, Valentina, 2018. "Exit and Disinvestment of Retirement Age Farmers in the US," 2018 Annual Meeting, August 5-7, Washington, D.C. 273975, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    11. Viira, Ants-Hannes & Pöder, Anne & Värnik, Rando, 2014. "Discrepancies between the Intentions and Behaviour of Farm Operators in the Contexts of Farm Growth, Decline, Continuation and Exit – Evidence from Estonia," Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development, Journal of International Agricultural Trade and Development, vol. 63(1).
    12. Kitenge, Erick, 2022. "Determinants of entries into and exits from the US farming sector," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 379-385.
    13. Viira, Ants-Hannes & Pöder, Anne & Värnik, Rando, 2014. "Discrepancies between the Intentions and Behaviour of Farm Operators in the Contexts of Farm Growth, Decline, Continuation and Exit – Evidence from Estonia," German Journal of Agricultural Economics, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Department for Agricultural Economics, vol. 63(01), pages 1-17, March.
    14. Darragh Clancy & A. Kazukauskas & C. Newman & Fiona Thorne, 2009. "An investigation of the level of structural change in the agrifood sector of Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands," Working Papers 0915, Rural Economy and Development Programme,Teagasc.
    15. Marie Dervillé & Gilles Allaire & Élise Maigné & Éric Cahuzac, 2017. "Internal and contextual drivers of dairy restructuring: evidence from French mountainous areas and post†quota prospects," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 48(1), pages 91-103, January.
    16. Lukasz SATOLA & Tomasz WOJEWODZIC & Wojciech SROKA, 2018. "Barriers to exit encountered by small farms in light of the theory of new institutional economics," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 64(6), pages 277-290.
    17. Thomas Fellmann & Judith Möllers, 2009. "Structural Change in Rural Croatia—Is Early Retirement An Option?," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 15(1), pages 125-137, February.
    18. Nwoha, Ogbonnaya John & Ahrendsen, Bruce L. & Dixon, Bruce L. & Chavez, Eddie C. & Hamm, Sandra J. & Settlage, Daniel M. & Danforth, Diana M., 2005. "Farm Service Agency Direct Farm Loan Program Effectiveness Study," Research Reports 15772, University of Arkansas, Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station.
    19. Stefan Mann, 2007. "Tracing the process of becoming a farm successor on Swiss family farms," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 24(4), pages 435-443, December.
    20. Boere, Esther & Peerlings, Jack & Reinhard, Stijn & Heijman, Wim, 2014. "The dynamics of dairy land use change with respect to the milk quota regime," 2014 International Congress, August 26-29, 2014, Ljubljana, Slovenia 182710, European Association of Agricultural Economists.
    21. Roesch, Andreas & Zimmermann, Albert & Ferjani, Ali, 2013. "PR - Determining Factors Of Structural Change In Agriculture In Switzerland," 19th Congress, Warsaw, Poland, 2013 345692, International Farm Management Association.
    22. Goodman, Wylie & Minner, Jennifer, 2019. "Will the urban agricultural revolution be vertical and soilless? A case study of controlled environment agriculture in New York City," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C), pages 160-173.
    23. Griffin, Bretford & Hartarska, Valentina & Nadolnyak, Denis, 2018. "Entry and Exit from Farming: Insights from 5 Rounds of Agricultural Census Data," 2018 Annual Meeting, February 2-6, 2018, Jacksonville, Florida 266616, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    24. Fałkowski, Jan, 2017. "Promoting change or preserving the status quo? The consequences of dominating local politics by agricultural interests," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 448-459.
    25. Alec Zuo & Sarah Ann Wheeler & Peter Boxall & W. L. (Vic) Adamowicz & Darla Hatton MacDonald, 2015. "Identifying Water Prices at which Australian Farmers Will Exit Irrigation: Results of a Stated Preference Survey," The Economic Record, The Economic Society of Australia, vol. 91(S1), pages 109-123, June.

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