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Achieving gigawatt-scale green hydrogen production and seasonal storage at industrial locations across the U.S

Author

Listed:
  • Hanna Breunig

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Fabian Rosner

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
    University of California, Los Angeles)

  • Syed Saqline

    (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

  • Dionissios Papadias

    (Argonne National Laboratory)

  • Elenya Grant

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

  • Kriston Brooks

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

  • Thomas Autrey

    (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)

  • Rajesh Ahluwalia

    (Argonne National Laboratory)

  • Jennifer King

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

  • Steve Hammond

    (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

Abstract

Onsite production of gigawatt-scale wind- and solar-sourced hydrogen (H2) at industrial locations depends on the ability to store and deliver otherwise-curtailed H2 during times of power shortages. Thousands of tonnes of H2 will require storage in regions where subsurface storage is scarce, which may only be possible using liquid organic H2 carriers. We evaluate aboveground system with a focus on providing technical insights into toluene/methylcyclohexane (TOL/MCH) storage systems in locations suitable for gigawatt-scale wind- and solar-powered electrolyzer systems in the United States. Here we show that the levelized cost of storage, at a national median of US dollar $1.84/kg-H2 is spatially heterogeneous, causing minor impact on the cost of H2 supply in the Midwest, and significant impact in Central California and the Southeast. While TOL/MCH may be the cheapest aboveground bulk storage solution evaluated, upfront capital costs, modest energy efficiency, reliance on critical materials and pre-sulfided catalysts, and greenhouse gas emissions from heating are opportunities for further development.

Suggested Citation

  • Hanna Breunig & Fabian Rosner & Syed Saqline & Dionissios Papadias & Elenya Grant & Kriston Brooks & Thomas Autrey & Rajesh Ahluwalia & Jennifer King & Steve Hammond, 2024. "Achieving gigawatt-scale green hydrogen production and seasonal storage at industrial locations across the U.S," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-53189-2
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53189-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tarkowski, Radoslaw, 2019. "Underground hydrogen storage: Characteristics and prospects," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 86-94.
    2. Anthony Lopez & Wesley Cole & Brian Sergi & Aaron Levine & Jesse Carey & Cailee Mangan & Trieu Mai & Travis Williams & Pavlo Pinchuk & Jianyu Gu, 2023. "Impact of siting ordinances on land availability for wind and solar development," Nature Energy, Nature, vol. 8(9), pages 1034-1043, September.
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