IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/ecopln/v54y2021i2d10.1007_s10644-020-09280-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The relationship between tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth in G7 countries: new evidence from time and frequency domain approaches

Author

Listed:
  • Temel Gurdal

    (Sakarya University)

  • Mucahit Aydin

    (Sakarya University)

  • Veysel Inal

    (Sakarya University)

Abstract

In this study, the relationship between tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth has been examined for Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, and the USA—the G7 countries using annual data from 1980 to 2016. The study used two different panel causality approaches in order to make a comparison. According to the time domain panel causality test results, there are a bidirectional causality between economic growth and government expenditure but unidirectional causality between tax revenue and government expenditure. Moreover, there is no causal relationship between economic growth and tax revenue. On the other hand, frequency domain causality results show that there are a bidirectional short- and long-run causality between economic growth and tax revenue, and long-run causality between economic growth and government expenditure. The main finding is that the taxation policies to be implemented on the basis of the economic conjuncture of G7 countries are a powerful financial tool, with the potential to serve the economic objectives to be achieved.

Suggested Citation

  • Temel Gurdal & Mucahit Aydin & Veysel Inal, 2021. "The relationship between tax revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth in G7 countries: new evidence from time and frequency domain approaches," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(2), pages 305-337, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:54:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s10644-020-09280-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10644-020-09280-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10644-020-09280-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10644-020-09280-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammad Hasan & Ian Lincoln, 1997. "Tax then spend or spend then tax? Experience in the UK, 1961-93," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 4(4), pages 237-239.
    2. Croux, Christophe & Reusens, Peter, 2013. "Do stock prices contain predictive power for the future economic activity? A Granger causality analysis in the frequency domain," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 93-103.
    3. Widmalm, Frida, 2001. "Tax Structure and Growth: Are Some Taxes Better Than Others?," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 107(3-4), pages 199-219, June.
    4. Ali F. Darrat, 2002. "Budget Balance Through Spending Cuts Or Tax Adjustments?," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 20(3), pages 221-233, July.
    5. Hadri, Kaddour & Kurozumi, Eiji, 2012. "A simple panel stationarity test in the presence of serial correlation and a common factor," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 115(1), pages 31-34.
    6. Hondroyiannis, George & Papapetrou, Evangelia, 1996. "An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue: A Cointegration Analysis," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 89(3-4), pages 363-374, December.
    7. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2021. "General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 60(1), pages 13-50, January.
    8. Hondroyiannis, George & Papapetrou, Evangelia, 2001. "An Investigation of the Public Deficits and Government Spending Relationship: Evidence for Greece," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 107(1-2), pages 169-182, April.
    9. Alan T. Peacock & Jack Wiseman, 1961. "The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom," NBER Books, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc, number peac61-1.
    10. Mehmet Serkan Tosun & Sohrab Abizadeh, 2005. "Economic growth and tax components: an analysis of tax changes in OECD," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(19), pages 2251-2263.
    11. Sri Nuryanti, 2021. "Democracy and Its Rollback: Addressing Some Challenges of the Flawed Democratic Countries," European Journal of Social Sciences Articles, Revistia Research and Publishing, vol. 4, ejss_v4_i.
    12. Ahmad Zubaidi Baharumshah & Aliyu Alhaji Jibrilla & Abdalla Sirag & Hamisu Sadi Ali & Ibrahim Muye Muhammad, 2016. "Public Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in South Africa: Are there Asymmetries?," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 84(4), pages 520-537, December.
    13. Khairul AMRI & NAZAMUDDIN & Raja MASBAR & Hasdi AIMON, 2019. "Is There A Causality Relationship Between Local Tax Revenue And Regional Economic Growth? A Panel Data Evidence From Indonesia," Regional Science Inquiry, Hellenic Association of Regional Scientists, vol. 0(1), pages 73-84, June.
    14. Christos Kollias & Stelios Makrydakis, 2000. "Tax and spend or spend and tax? Empirical evidence from Greece, Spain, Portugal and Ireland," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(5), pages 533-546.
    15. King, Robert G & Rebelo, Sergio, 1990. "Public Policy and Economic Growth: Developing Neoclassical Implications," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 98(5), pages 126-150, October.
    16. Taner TURAN & Mesut KARAKAŞ, 2018. "The Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue: Nonlinear Bounds Testing Approach (NARDL)," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society.
    17. Toda, Hiro Y. & Yamamoto, Taku, 1995. "Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 225-250.
    18. Ojede, Andrew & Yamarik, Steven, 2012. "Tax policy and state economic growth: The long-run and short-run of it," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 116(2), pages 161-165.
    19. Celil Aydin & Ömer Esen, 2019. "Optimal tax revenues and economic growth in transition economies: a threshold regression approach," Global Business and Economics Review, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 21(2), pages 246-265.
    20. Nemanja Lojanica, 2015. "Government Expenditure and Government Revenue: The Causality on the Example of the Republic of Serbia," MIC 2015: Managing Sustainable Growth; Proceedings of the Joint International Conference, Portorož, Slovenia, 28–30 May 2015,, University of Primorska, Faculty of Management Koper.
    21. Sedrakyan, Gohar Samvel & Varela-Candamio, Laura, 2019. "Wagner’s law vs. Keynes’ hypothesis in very different countries (Armenia and Spain)," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 41(4), pages 747-762.
    22. Aydin, Mucahit, 2018. "Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus for top 10 natural Gas–Consuming countries: A granger causality analysis in the frequency domain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 165(PB), pages 179-186.
    23. Manuchehr Irandoust, 2018. "Government spending and revenues in Sweden 1722–2011: evidence from hidden cointegration," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 45(3), pages 543-557, August.
    24. Azka Amin & Yan Chen & Shaoan Huang, 2018. "Personal Income Tax and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study Between China and Pakistan," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(1), pages 65-73.
    25. Ant??nio Afonso & Christophe Rault, 2009. "Bootstrap panel Granger-causality between government spending and revenue in the EU," William Davidson Institute Working Papers Series wp944, William Davidson Institute at the University of Michigan.
    26. D. O. Olayungbo, 2019. "Effects of Global Oil Price on Exchange Rate, Trade Balance, and Reserves in Nigeria: A Frequency Domain Causality Approach," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-14, March.
    27. Mendoza, Enrique G. & Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria & Asea, Patrick, 1997. "On the ineffectiveness of tax policy in altering long-run growth: Harberger's superneutrality conjecture," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1), pages 99-126, October.
    28. Azka Amin & Yan Chen & Shaoan Huang, 2018. "Personal Income Tax and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study Between China and Pakistan," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(1), pages 65-73, March.
    29. Khatibu Kazungu, 2019. "The Nexus between Government Expenditure and Revenue in Tanzania," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 7(4), pages 158-170, December.
    30. Sima Siami-Namini & Daniel Muhammad & Fahad Fahimullah, 2018. "The Short and Long Run Effects of Selected Variables on Tax Revenue - A Case Study," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 5(5), pages 23-32, September.
    31. Emirmahmutoglu, Furkan & Kose, Nezir, 2011. "Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 870-876, May.
    32. Chowdhury, Abdur, 2011. "State Government Revenue and Expenditures: A Bootstrap Panel Analysis," Working Papers and Research 2011-03, Marquette University, Center for Global and Economic Studies and Department of Economics.
    33. Lee, Young & Gordon, Roger H., 2005. "Tax structure and economic growth," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(5-6), pages 1027-1043, June.
    34. Breitung, Jorg & Candelon, Bertrand, 2006. "Testing for short- and long-run causality: A frequency-domain approach," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 132(2), pages 363-378, June.
    35. Themba G. Chirwa & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019. "The nexus between key macroeconomic determinants and economic growth in Zambia: a dynamic multivariate Granger causality linkage," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 301-327, July.
    36. Vincent Fromentin & Yamina Tadjeddine, 2020. "Cross-border workers and financial instability: a frequency domain causality analysis applied to the Luxembourg financial centre," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(4), pages 280-285, February.
    37. T. S. Breusch & A. R. Pagan, 1980. "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 47(1), pages 239-253.
    38. Baer, Werner & Galvão Jr., Antonio Fialho, 2008. "Tax burden, government expenditures and income distribution in Brazil," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(2), pages 345-358, May.
    39. Grace N. Ofoegbu & David O. Akwu & Oliver O, 2016. "Empirical Analysis of Effect of Tax Revenue on Economic Development of Nigeria," International Journal of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(10), pages 604-613, October.
    40. Tsangyao Chang & Wen Rong Liu & Steven Caudill, 2002. "Tax-and-spend, spend-and-tax, or fiscal synchronization: new evidence for ten countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(12), pages 1553-1561.
    41. Payne, James E, 1998. "The Tax-Spend Debate: Time Series Evidence from State Budgets," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 95(3-4), pages 307-320, June.
    42. Kusi, N.K., 1998. "Tax Reform and Revenue Productivity in Ghana," Papers 74, African Economic Research Consortium.
    43. Aydin, Mucahit, 2019. "Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption–economic growth nexus: Evidence from OECD countries," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 599-606.
    44. repec:aer:wpaper:74 is not listed on IDEAS
    45. E. C. Mamatzakis, 2005. "The dynamic responses of growth to tax structure for Greece," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(3), pages 177-180.
    46. Obeng, Samuel, 2015. "A Causality Test of the Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in Ghana," MPRA Paper 63735, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 25 Feb 2015.
    47. Gorus, Muhammed Sehid & Aydin, Mucahit, 2019. "The relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emission in MENA countries: Causality analysis in the frequency domain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 168(C), pages 815-822.
    48. Grace N Ofoegbu & David O Akwu & Oliver O, 2016. "Empirical Analysis of Effect of Tax Revenue on Economic Development of Nigeria," International Journal of Asian Social Science, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 6(10), pages 604-613.
    49. George A Vamvoukas, 2012. "Panel data modelling and the tax-spend controversy in the euro zone," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(31), pages 4073-4085, November.
    50. Saunoris, James W. & Payne, James E., 2010. "Tax more or spend less? Asymmetries in the UK revenue-expenditure nexus," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 32(4), pages 478-487, July.
    51. Khatibu Kazungu, 2019. "The Nexus between Government Expenditure and Revenue in Tanzania," Asian Journal of Economic Modelling, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 7(4), pages 158-170.
    52. Olumuyiwa Ganiyu Yinusa & Olalekan Bashir Aworinde & Isiaq Olasunkanmi Oseni, 2017. "The Revenue-Expenditure Nexus in Nigeria: Assymetric Cointegration Approach," South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, Association of Economic Universities of South and Eastern Europe and the Black Sea Region, vol. 15(1), pages 47-61.
    53. Jaka Sriyana, 2009. "A causality relationship between tax revenue and government expenditure in Indonesia," Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, Universitas Islam Indonesia, vol. 1(2), pages 93-101, April.
    54. Abizadeh, Sohrab & Yousefi, Mahmood, 1998. "An empirical analysis of South Korea's economic development and public expenditures growth," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 27(6), pages 687-700.
    55. Nicholas Odhiambo, 2015. "Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in South Africa: an Empirical Investigation," Atlantic Economic Journal, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 43(3), pages 393-406, September.
    56. Matthew Zapf & James Payne, 2009. "Asymmetric modelling of the revenue-expenditure nexus: evidence from aggregate state and local government in the US," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(9), pages 871-876.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Kola Benson Ajeigbe & Fortune Ganda & Rawlings Obenembot Enowkenwa, 2024. "Impact of sustainable tax revenue and expenditure on the achievement of sustainable development goals in some selected African countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(10), pages 26287-26311, October.
    2. Stoyan Tanchev & Naftaly Mose, 2023. "Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: Evidence from European Union Countries," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 3, pages 19-36.
    3. Hasan Kazak & Taha Emre Çiftçi & Ahmet Tayfur Akcan & Ebru Özer Topaloğlu, 2024. "Is taxation a curse or a blessing? The case of Turkiye," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-10, December.
    4. Dwi Orbaningsih & Agus Eko Sujianto, 2022. "The Impact of Tax Revenue on Economic Growth: Evidence from Indonesia," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 6(5), pages 693-697, May.
    5. Zahid Hussain & Bihizi Marcel & Abdul Majeed & Raymondo Sandra Marcelline Tsimisaraka, 2024. "Effects of transport–carbon intensity, transportation, and economic complexity on environmental and health expenditures," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(7), pages 16523-16553, July.
    6. Hong, Yanran & Ma, Feng & Wang, Lu & Liang, Chao, 2022. "How does the COVID-19 outbreak affect the causality between gold and the stock market? New evidence from the extreme Granger causality test," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    7. Li Yao & Minyan Jin, 2024. "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Impacts of green taxation on the green transformation of manufacturing industry: an empirical analysis based on Chinese provincial panel data," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 1-27, February.
    8. Yang, Yongwen & Lee, Juhee, 2024. "Assessing Tax Revenue Implications of Environmental Policy: A Case Study of China’s Channel City Policy," 2024 Annual Meeting, July 28-30, New Orleans, LA 344021, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Oyeyinka OMOSHORO-JONES, 2020. "Investigating The Government Revenue–Expenditure Nexus: Empirical Evidence For The Free State Province In A Multivariate Model," Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields, ASERS Publishing, vol. 11(2), pages 138-156.
    2. Taner TURAN & Mesut KARAKAŞ, 2018. "The Relationship between Government Spending and Revenue: Nonlinear Bounds Testing Approach (NARDL)," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society.
    3. Ntokozo Patrick Nzimande & Harold Ngalawa, 2022. "Tax-Spend or Spend-Tax? The Case of Southern Africa," Economies, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-10, April.
    4. Dramane, Abdoulaye, 2022. "The Nexus between Military Spending, Tax Revenues and Economic Growth in the G5 Sahel Countries," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 10(2), March.
    5. A. Phiri, 2019. "Asymmetries in the revenue–expenditure nexus: new evidence from South Africa," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(5), pages 1515-1547, May.
    6. Emre BULUT & Dilek ÇİL, 2024. "Asymmetric Causality Relationship Between Public Expenditures and Tax Revenues: Transition Economies Case," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 32(60).
    7. Durusu-Ciftci, Dilek & Gokmenoglu, Korhan K. & Yetkiner, Hakan, 2018. "The heterogeneous impact of taxation on economic development: New insights from a panel cointegration approach," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 42(3), pages 503-513.
    8. Sami Saafi & Meriem Bel Haj Mohamed & Abdeljelil Farhat, 2017. "Untangling the causal relationship between tax burden distribution and economic growth in 23 OECD countries: Fresh evidence from linear and non-linear Granger causality," European Journal of Comparative Economics, Cattaneo University (LIUC), vol. 14(2), pages 265-301, December.
    9. Wang, Lu & Ma, Feng & Niu, Tianjiao & Liang, Chao, 2021. "The importance of extreme shock: Examining the effect of investor sentiment on the crude oil futures market," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    10. Ismet GOCER & Sedat ALATAS & Osman PEKER, 2016. "Effects of R&D and innovation on income in EU countries: new generation panel cointegration and causality analysis," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania - AGER, vol. 0(4(609), W), pages 153-164, Winter.
    11. Mkadmi, Jamel Eddine & Bakari, Sayef & Othmani, Ameni, 2021. "The Impact of Tax Revenues and Domestic Investments on Economic Growth in Tunisia," MPRA Paper 108387, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Ismet GOCER & Sedat ALATAS & Osman PEKER, 2016. "Effects of R&D and innovation on income in EU countries: new generation panel cointegration and causality analysis," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(4(609), W), pages 153-164, Winter.
    13. Veli Yilanci & Onder Ozgur & Muhammed Sehid Gorus, 2021. "Stock prices and economic activity nexus in OECD countries: new evidence from an asymmetric panel Granger causality test in the frequency domain," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 7(1), pages 1-22, December.
    14. Arvin, Mak B. & Pradhan, Rudra P. & Nair, Mahendhiran S., 2021. "Are there links between institutional quality, government expenditure, tax revenue and economic growth? Evidence from low-income and lower middle-income countries," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 468-489.
    15. Magazzino, Cosimo, 2010. "Public expenditure and revenue in Italy, 1862-1993," MPRA Paper 27308, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Halit Yanikkaya & Taner Turan, 2018. "Tax Structure And Economic Growth: Do Differences In Income Level And Government Effectiveness Matter?," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 65(01), pages 217-237, May.
    17. Mehmet BÖLÜKBAŞ & Mehmet Hanefi TOPAL & Hakan HOTUNLUOĞLU, 2018. "Testing Twin Deficits Hypothesis for Eu-27 and Turkey : A Panel Granger Causality Approach under Cross-sectional Dependence," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(4), pages 101-119, December.
    18. Halit Yanikkaya & Taner Turan, 2020. "Tax Structure And Economic Growth: Do Differences In Income Level And Government Effectiveness Matter?," The Singapore Economic Review (SER), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 65(01), pages 217-237, March.
    19. Kollias, Christos & Papadamou, Stephanos & Psarianos, Iacovos, 2014. "Fiscal imbalances and asymmetric adjustment under Labour and Conservative governments in the UK," Research in Economics, Elsevier, vol. 68(3), pages 208-213.
    20. Teresa Famulska & Jan Kaczmarzyk & Malgorzata Grzaba, 2020. "The Relationship Between Tax Revenue and Public Social Expenditure in the EU Member States," European Research Studies Journal, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 0(4), pages 1136-1156.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Economic growth; Tax revenue; Government expenditure; Panel causality;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • O40 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - General
    • C40 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics - - - General

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:ecopln:v:54:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s10644-020-09280-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.