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The water–energy–food nexus as a tool to transform rural livelihoods and well-being in southern Africa

Author

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  • Mabhaudhi, T.
  • Nhamo, Luxon
  • Mpandeli, S.
  • Nhemachena, Charles
  • Senzanje, A.
  • Sobratee, N.
  • Chivenge, P. P.
  • Slotow, R.
  • Naidoo, D.
  • Liphadzi, S.
  • Modi, A. T.

Abstract

About 60% of southern Africa’s population lives in rural areas with limited access to basic services and amenities such as clean and safe water, affordable and clean energy, and balanced and nutritious diets. Resource scarcity has direct and indirect impacts on nutrition, human health, and well-being of mostly poor rural communities. Climate change impacts in the region are manifesting through low crop yields, upsurge of vector borne diseases (malaria and dengue fever), and water and food-borne diseases (cholera and diarrhoea). This study applied a water–energy–food (WEF) nexus analytical livelihoods model with complex systems understanding to assess rural livelihoods, health, and well-being in southern Africa, recommending tailor-made adaptation strategies for the region aimed at building resilient rural communities. The WEF nexus is a decision support tool that improves rural livelihoods through integrated resource distribution, planning, and management, and ensures inclusive socio-economic transformation and development, and addresses related sustainable development goals, particularly goals 2, 3, 6 and 7. The integrated WEF nexus index for the region was calculated at 0.145, which is marginally sustainable, and indicating the region’s exposure to vulnerabilities, and reveals a major reason why the region fails to meet its developmental targets. The integrated relationship among WEF resources in southern Africa shows an imbalance and uneven resource allocation, utilisation and distribution, which normally results from a ‘siloed’ approach in resource management. The WEF nexus provides better adaptation options, as it guides decision making processes by identifying priority areas needing intervention, enhancing synergies, and minimising trade-offs necessary for resilient rural communities. Our results identified (i) the trade-offs and unintended negative consequences for poor rural households’ livelihoods of current silo approaches, (ii) mechanisms for sustainably enhancing household water, energy and food security, whilst (iii) providing direction for achieving SDGs 2, 3, 6 and 7.

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  • Mabhaudhi, T. & Nhamo, Luxon & Mpandeli, S. & Nhemachena, Charles & Senzanje, A. & Sobratee, N. & Chivenge, P. P. & Slotow, R. & Naidoo, D. & Liphadzi, S. & Modi, A. T., 2019. "The water–energy–food nexus as a tool to transform rural livelihoods and well-being in southern Africa," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 16(16):1-20.
    • Handle: RePEc:iwt:jounls:h049315
    DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162970
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    1. Joel O. Botai & Christina M. Botai & Katlego P. Ncongwane & Sylvester Mpandeli & Luxon Nhamo & Muthoni Masinde & Abiodun M. Adeola & Michael G. Mengistu & Henerica Tazvinga & Miriam D. Murambadoro & S, 2021. "A Review of the Water–Energy–Food Nexus Research in Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-26, February.
    2. Ebun Akinsete & Phoebe Koundouri & Conrad Landis, 2022. "Modelling the WEF Nexus to support Sustainable Development: An African Case," DEOS Working Papers 2204, Athens University of Economics and Business.
    3. Zinabu Wolde & Wu Wei & Haile Ketema & Eshetu Yirsaw & Habtamu Temesegn, 2021. "Indicators of Land, Water, Energy and Food (LWEF) Nexus Resource Drivers: A Perspective on Environmental Degradation in the Gidabo Watershed, Southern Ethiopia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-24, May.
    4. Matilda Azong Cho & Abel Ramoelo & Lindiwe M. Sibanda, 2023. "Exploring the Integration of the Land, Water, and Energy Nexus in Sustainable Food Systems Research through a Socio-Economic Lens: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-21, December.
    5. Radini, Serena & Marinelli, Enrico & Akyol, Çağrı & Eusebi, Anna Laura & Vasilaki, Vasileia & Mancini, Adriano & Frontoni, Emanuele & Bischetti, Gian Battista & Gandolfi, Claudio & Katsou, Evina & Fat, 2021. "Urban water-energy-food-climate nexus in integrated wastewater and reuse systems: Cyber-physical framework and innovations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 298(C).
    6. Shulei Cheng & Yu Yu & Wei Fan & Chunxia Zhu, 2022. "Spatio-Temporal Variation and Decomposition Analysis of Livelihood Resilience of Rural Residents in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-25, August.
    7. Simpson, G. B. & Jewitt, G. P. W. & Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe & Taguta, C. & Badenhorst, J., 2023. "An African perspective on the water-energy-food nexus," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 1-13:16842..
    8. Omolola M. Adeola & Abel Ramoelo & Brian Mantlana & Oscar Mokotedi & Wongalethu Silwana & Philemon Tsele, 2022. "Review of Publications on the Water-Energy-Food Nexus and Climate Change Adaptation Using Bibliometric Analysis: A Case Study of Africa," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    9. Goldin, J. & Nhamo, L. & Ncube, B. & Zvimba, J. N. & Petja, B. & Mpandeli, S. & Nomquphu, W. & Hlophe-Ginindza, S. & Greeff-Laubscher, M. R. & Molose, V. & Lottering, S. & Liphadzi, S. & Naidoo, D. & , 2022. "Resilience and sustainability of the water sector during the COVID-19 pandemic," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 1-14(3):148.
    10. Naidoo, Dhesigen & Nhamo, Luxon & Mpandeli, Sylvester & Sobratee, Nafisa & Senzanje, Aidan & Liphadzi, Stanley & Slotow, Rob & Jacobson, Michael & Modi, Albert T. & Mabhaudhi, Tafadzwanashe, 2021. "Operationalising the water-energy-food nexus through the theory of change," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 149(C).
    11. Bashar Hassna & Sarah Namany & Mohammad Alherbawi & Adel Elomri & Tareq Al-Ansari, 2024. "Multi-Objective Optimization for Food Availability under Economic and Environmental Risk Constraints," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(11), pages 1-18, May.
    12. Awotunde, G. J. & Adekunle O. A. & Kolawole, E. A. & Obaniyi, K. S. & Adeniyi, V. A., 2023. "Addressing Rural Poverty in Nigeria Through Youth Participation in Agriculture," Nigerian Journal of Rural Sociology, Rural Sociological Association of Nigeria, vol. 23(1), January.

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