IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v16y2024i17p7563-d1468843.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Multilevel Middle Point Clamped (MMPC) Converter for DC Wind Power Applications

Author

Listed:
  • Awais Karni

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

  • Omid Beik

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA)

  • Mahzad Gholamian

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA)

  • Mahdi Homaeinezhad

    (Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA)

  • Muhammad Owais Manzoor

    (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA)

Abstract

This manuscript introduces a novel multilevel middle point clamped (MMPC) DC-DC converter and its associated switching scheme aimed at maintaining the desired medium-voltage DC (MVDC) collector grid within offshore all-DC wind farms. Building upon previous work by the authors, which proposed an all-DC structure serving as a benchmark system, this study explores the application of the MMPC DC-DC converter within this framework. Within the all-DC wind generation system, a 9-phase hybrid generator (HG) integrated into the wind turbine is linked to the MVDC collector grid through an AC-DC stage, which is a passive rectifier. This passive rectifier offers elevated voltage ratings and protection against back power flow. The conventional neutral point clamped (NPC) converter concept has been thoroughly investigated and expanded upon to develop the proposed MMPC DC-DC converter. The proposed MMPC DC-DC converter integrates boosting capabilities, facilitating the connection of the generator’s rectified voltage to the MVDC collector grid while regulating variable rectified voltage to a fixed MVDC collector grid voltage. The MVDC collector grid is further interconnected with high-voltage DC (HVDC) through a DC-DC converter situated in an offshore substation. This paper further provides a comprehensive overview of the proposed MMPC DC-DC converter, detailing its operational modes and corresponding switching schemes. Through an in-depth examination of operational modes, duty cycles for each switch and mode are defined, subsequently establishing the relationship between rectified input voltage and MVDC output voltage for the MMPC DC-DC converter. Utilizing the middle point clamped architecture, this innovative converter offers several advantages, including low ripple voltage, a modular structure, and reduced switching stress because of the multilevel voltage and the incorporation of a hard point, which also facilitates the capacitor voltage balancing. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed converter is evaluated via simulation studies of a wind turbine conversion system utilizing two cascaded MMPC DC-DC converters operating under variable input voltage conditions. The simulations confirm its efficacy, supported by promising results, and validating its performance.

Suggested Citation

  • Awais Karni & Omid Beik & Mahzad Gholamian & Mahdi Homaeinezhad & Muhammad Owais Manzoor, 2024. "Multilevel Middle Point Clamped (MMPC) Converter for DC Wind Power Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-18, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7563-:d:1468843
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7563/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/17/7563/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. M. A. Hannan & Ali Q. Al-Shetwi & M. S. Mollik & Pin Jern Ker & M. Mannan & M. Mansor & Hussein M. K. Al-Masri & T. M. Indra Mahlia, 2023. "Wind Energy Conversions, Controls, and Applications: A Review for Sustainable Technologies and Directions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-30, February.
    2. Kalair, A. & Abas, N. & Khan, N., 2016. "Comparative study of HVAC and HVDC transmission systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 1653-1675.
    3. Lucky Dube & Graham C. Garner & Karen S. Garner & Maarten J. Kamper, 2023. "Simple and Robust MPPT Current Control of a Wound Rotor Synchronous Wind Generator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-21, April.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. d'Amore-Domenech, Rafael & Leo, Teresa J. & Pollet, Bruno G., 2021. "Bulk power transmission at sea: Life cycle cost comparison of electricity and hydrogen as energy vectors," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 288(C).
    2. Alassi, Abdulrahman & Bañales, Santiago & Ellabban, Omar & Adam, Grain & MacIver, Callum, 2019. "HVDC Transmission: Technology Review, Market Trends and Future Outlook," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 112(C), pages 530-554.
    3. Busiswe Skosana & Mukwanga W. Siti & Nsilulu T. Mbungu & Sonu Kumar & Willy Mulumba, 2023. "An Evaluation of Potential Strategies in Renewable Energy Systems and Their Importance for South Africa—A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-27, November.
    4. Arcia-Garibaldi, Guadalupe & Cruz-Romero, Pedro & Gómez-Expósito, Antonio, 2018. "Future power transmission: Visions, technologies and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 285-301.
    5. Kamil Szostek & Damian Mazur & Grzegorz Drałus & Jacek Kusznier, 2024. "Analysis of the Effectiveness of ARIMA, SARIMA, and SVR Models in Time Series Forecasting: A Case Study of Wind Farm Energy Production," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-18, September.
    6. Nansheng Pang & Wenjing Guo, 2019. "Uncertain Hybrid Multiple Attribute Group Decision of Offshore Wind Power Transmission Mode Based on theVIKOR Method," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(21), pages 1-21, November.
    7. Hutchison, Zoë L. & Gill, Andrew B. & Sigray, Peter & He, Haibo & King, John W., 2021. "A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: Considerations for marine renewable energy development," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 72-81.
    8. Haoke Wu & Lorenzo Solida & Tao Huang & Ettore Bompard, 2023. "Allowing Large Penetration of Concentrated RES in Europe and North Africa via a Hybrid HVAC-HVDC Grid," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(7), pages 1-17, March.
    9. Mohsin Ali Koondhar & Ghulam Sarwar Kaloi & Abdul Sattar Saand & Sadullah Chandio & Wonsuk Ko & Sisam Park & Hyeong-Jin Choi & Ragab Abdelaziz El-Sehiemy, 2023. "Critical Technical Issues with a Voltage-Source-Converter-Based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System for the Onshore Integration of Offshore Wind Farms," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-21, September.
    10. Welcome Khulekani Ntuli & Musasa Kabeya & Katleho Moloi, 2024. "Review of Low Voltage Ride-Through Capabilities in Wind Energy Conversion System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-33, October.
    11. Amira Elkodama & Amr Ismaiel & A. Abdellatif & S. Shaaban & Shigeo Yoshida & Mostafa A. Rushdi, 2023. "Control Methods for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT): State-of-the-Art Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-32, September.
    12. Xiaodong Li & Zheng Xu, 2021. "Feasibility Evaluation on Elimination of DC Filters for Line-Commutated Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Projects in New Situations," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(18), pages 1-16, September.
    13. Jiang, Sufan & Wu, Chuanshen & Gao, Shan & Pan, Guangsheng & Liu, Yu & Zhao, Xin & Wang, Sicheng, 2022. "Robust frequency risk-constrained unit commitment model for AC-DC system considering wind uncertainty," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C), pages 395-406.
    14. Yu Deng & Jingang Han, 2024. "Energy Management of Green Port Multi-Energy Microgrid Based on Fuzzy Logic Control," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-26, July.
    15. Kalair, A. & Abas, N. & Kalair, A.R. & Saleem, Z. & Khan, N., 2017. "Review of harmonic analysis, modeling and mitigation techniques," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1152-1187.
    16. Edson Bortoni & Zulcy de Souza & Augusto Viana & Helcio Villa-Nova & Ângelo Rezek & Luciano Pinto & Roberto Siniscalchi & Rafael Bragança & José Bernardes, 2019. "The Benefits of Variable Speed Operation in Hydropower Plants Driven by Francis Turbines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-20, September.
    17. Shangen Tian & David Campos-Gaona & Vinícius A. Lacerda & Raymundo E. Torres-Olguin & Olimpo Anaya-Lara, 2020. "Novel Control Approach for a Hybrid Grid-Forming HVDC Offshore Transmission System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-14, April.
    18. Muhammed Zafar Ali Khan & Haider Ali Khan & Muhammad Aziz, 2022. "Harvesting Energy from Ocean: Technologies and Perspectives," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-43, May.
    19. Hannan, M.A. & Lipu, M.S. Hossain & Ker, Pin Jern & Begum, R.A. & Agelidis, Vasilios G. & Blaabjerg, F., 2019. "Power electronics contribution to renewable energy conversion addressing emission reduction: Applications, issues, and recommendations," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    20. Guoyu Zhang & Xiaodong Wang, 2024. "Seawater Desalination System Driven by Sustainable Energy: A Comprehensive Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-46, November.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:17:p:7563-:d:1468843. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.