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Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment

Author

Listed:
  • Siong-Chin Chua

    (Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Fai-Kait Chong

    (Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • M. A. Malek

    (Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa

    (Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Norli Ismail

    (School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia)

  • Wawan Sujarwo

    (Ethnobiology Research Group, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia)

  • Jun-Wei Lim

    (Fundamental and Applied Sciences Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Yeek-Chia Ho

    (Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
    Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

Abstract

The growing global concern with environmental issues has raised the interest in the research into natural biopolymers as a coagulant aid in order to reduce the use of inorganic coagulants. This paper investigated the feasibility of sesbania seed gum (SSG) as a plant-based coagulant aid and ferric chloride as a coagulant in drinking water treatment. Acid extraction method marked the highest and most promising extraction yield at 20.8%, as compared to other extraction methods. Further, the SSG extracted carried a weak negative charge of −3.02 mV, which is classified as a near neutral coagulant aid. Hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, which aid in coagulation–flocculation, were found in the SSG. These physiochemical analyses results evinced good characteristics of SSG as a coagulant aid. On the other hand, response surface methodology (RSM) with three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate and optimize the reaction condition of the coagulation–flocculation process in drinking water treatment. A quadratic polynomial model was fitted to the data with a high value of R 2 (0.9901). Model validation experiments revealed the good correspondence between actual and predicted values. In drinking water treatment, a promising 98.3% turbidity reduction was achieved with 10.2 mg/L of FeCl 3 and 4.52 mg/L of SSG. Therefore, SSG exhibited potential as a coagulant aid in drinking water treatment.

Suggested Citation

  • Siong-Chin Chua & Fai-Kait Chong & M. A. Malek & Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa & Norli Ismail & Wawan Sujarwo & Jun-Wei Lim & Yeek-Chia Ho, 2020. "Optimized Use of Ferric Chloride and Sesbania Seed Gum (SSG) as Sustainable Coagulant Aid for Turbidity Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:6:p:2273-:d:332452
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Lu Chen & Qincheng Chen & Pinhua Rao & Lili Yan & Alghashm Shakib & Guoqing Shen, 2018. "Formulating and Optimizing a Novel Biochar-Based Fertilizer for Simultaneous Slow-Release of Nitrogen and Immobilization of Cadmium," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-14, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman & Yeek-Chia Ho & Lavania Baloo & Man-Kee Lam & Pau-Loke Show & Wawan Sujarwo, 2023. "Comprehensive Review of Modification, Optimisation, and Characterisation Methods Applied to Plant-Based Natural Coagulants (PBNCs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-17, March.
    2. Ibrahim Muntaqa Tijjani Usman & Foo-Wei Lee & Yeek-Chia Ho & Han-Ping Khaw & Qi-Wen Chong & Yong-Ming Kee & Jun-Wei Lim & Pau-Loke Show, 2023. "Evaluation of Annona diversifolia Seed Extract as A Natural Coagulant for Water Treatment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-13, April.
    3. Wudneh Ayele Shewa & Martha Dagnew, 2020. "Revisiting Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment of Wastewater: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(15), pages 1-19, July.
    4. Hans Kristianto & Sekar Astari Saraswati & Susiana Prasetyo & Asaf K. Sugih, 2023. "The utilization of galactomannan from spent coffee grounds as a coagulant aid for treatment of synthetic Congo red wastewater," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(6), pages 5443-5457, June.

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