IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v15y2023i4p3229-d1064075.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Eco-Sustainable Recycling of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and Copper Tailings (CT) in the Cemented Paste Backfill

Author

Listed:
  • Ali Y. Al-Bakri

    (Department of Mining Engineering, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Haitham M. Ahmed

    (Department of Mining Engineering, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Mohammed A. Hefni

    (Department of Mining Engineering, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Cement global demand shows continued growth and a significant increase in the production volume, which may negatively impact the non-renewable natural resources and the environment, which is incompatible with sustainability goals. Cement kiln dust (CKD) is a primary concern associated with clinker manufacturing as a waste byproduct. Similarly, the mining industry produces copper tailing as unwanted material while beneficiating the ore, creating environmental problems due to difficulty in managing worldwide generated quantities that reach billions of metric tons. This study investigated the beneficial utilization of cement kiln dust and copper tailing as undesirable wastes in industrial applications through underground mines’ cemented paste backfill (CPB). Sixty different mixtures were prepared with three types of CKD collected from various cement manufacturers and were accordingly used with a proportion of 5, 10, and 15% to partially replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and pozzolan Portland cement (PPC) binders, represented in hundreds of CPB samples. The hardened specimens were subjected to density, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and axial deformation measurements to evaluate the physical and mechanical properties at curing up to 90 days. Meanwhile, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was extensively applied to chemically investigate the hydration products of CPB-hardened mixtures. Moreover, we developed a UCS predictive model applying two techniques: multiple variables regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN). The results showed that the tricalcium silicate (Alite) and dicalcium silicate (Belite) phases form C-S-H upon hydrations and provide high strength in the binary mixtures. Meanwhile, the CKD’s lime saturation factor (LSF) governed the strength value in the ternary mixtures that utilized copper tailings. That makes CKD practical in the CPB mixture when partially replacing the OPC and PPC binders, with a proportion of up to 15%. In addition, the ANN technique’s predictive model exhibited a significant positive correlation with excellent statistical parameters that achieved 0.995, 0.065, and 0.911 for R2, RMSE, and MAE, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Y. Al-Bakri & Haitham M. Ahmed & Mohammed A. Hefni, 2023. "Eco-Sustainable Recycling of Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and Copper Tailings (CT) in the Cemented Paste Backfill," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-33, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:3229-:d:1064075
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3229/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3229/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mohammed Hefni & Hussin A. M. Ahmed & Ebaa Shaikh Omar & Maaz A. Ali, 2021. "The Potential Re-Use of Saudi Mine Tailings in Mine Backfill: A Path towards Sustainable Mining in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-18, May.
    2. Talaat Abdel-Wahed & Anmar Dulaimi & Hayder Kamil Shanbara & Hassan Al Nageim, 2022. "The Impact of Cement Kiln Dust and Cement on Cold Mix Asphalt Characteristics at Different Climate," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Sadegh Ghavami & Hamid Jahanbakhsh & Alireza Saeedi Azizkandi & Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad, 2021. "Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(1), pages 683-702, January.
    4. Sefiu O. Adewuyi & Hussin A. M. Ahmed, 2021. "Grinding Behaviour of Microwave-Irradiated Mining Waste," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-16, July.
    5. Ivanova, Galina, 2014. "The mining industry in Queensland, Australia: Some regional development issues," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 101-114.
    6. Siddique, Rafat, 2006. "Utilization of cement kiln dust (CKD) in cement mortar and concrete—an overview," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 48(4), pages 315-338.
    7. Haitham M. Ahmed & Hussin A. M. Ahmed & Sefiu O. Adewuyi, 2021. "Characterization of Microschist Rocks under High Temperature at Najran Area of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ali Y. Al-Bakri & Haitham M. Ahmed & Mohammed A. Hefni, 2022. "Cement Kiln Dust (CKD): Potential Beneficial Applications and Eco-Sustainable Solutions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-22, June.
    2. Abdullahi Abdulrahman Muhudin & Mohammad Sharif Zami & Ismail Mohammad Budaiwi & Ahmed Abd El Fattah, 2024. "Experimental Study of Thermal Conductivity in Soil Stabilization for Sustainable Construction Applications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-24, January.
    3. Moses Nyakuwanika & Huibrecht Margaretha van der Poll & John Andrew van der Poll, 2021. "A Conceptual Framework for Greener Goldmining through Environmental Management Accounting Practices (EMAPs): The Case of Zimbabwe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(18), pages 1-26, September.
    4. Frederiksen, Anders & Kadenic, Maja Due, 2016. "Mining in Arctic and Non-Arctic Regions: A Socioeconomic Assessment," IZA Discussion Papers 9883, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    5. Ashraf Abdel-Raheem & Anmar Dulaimi & Ahmed S. Mohamed & Ghada S. Moussa & Yasin Onuralp Özkılıç & Nuha Mashaan & Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya & Talaat Abdel-Wahed, 2023. "Investigating the Potential of High-Density Polyethylene and Nano Clay Asphalt-Modified Binders to Enhance the Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Mixture," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-19, September.
    6. Gholami, Alireza & Tokac, Batur & Zhang, Qian, 2024. "Knowledge synthesis on the mine life cycle and the mining value chain to address climate change," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    7. Lopes, Alef & Ruiz, Ricardo & Ribeiro, Rafael & Cantelmo, Weslley, 2023. "Linkages in the metal mining industry: Local job multipliers in Brazil," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    8. David A. Fleming & Thomas G. Measham & Dusan Paredes, 2015. "Understanding the resource curse (or blessing) across national and regional scales: Theory, empirical challenges and an application," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 59(4), pages 624-639, October.
    9. Hayes, Joshua B. & Wang, Jun & Roessler, Justin G. & Ferraro, Christopher C. & Wu, Chang-Yu & Deford, Dale & Townsend, Timothy G., 2015. "Evaluation of leaching of trace metals from concrete amended with cement kiln baghouse filter dust," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 92-98.
    10. De Valck, Jeremy & Williams, Galina & Kuik, Swee, 2021. "Does coal mining benefit local communities in the long run? A sustainability perspective on regional Queensland, Australia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    11. Atienza, Miguel & Lufin, Marcelo & Soto, Juan, 2021. "Mining linkages in the Chilean copper supply network and regional economic development," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    12. Galina Williams & Ruth Nikijuluw, 2020. "The economic and social benefit of coal mining: the case study of regional Queensland," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 64(4), pages 1113-1132, October.
    13. Temu, Beatus John & Monela, Gerald C. & Darr, Dietrich & Abdallah, Jumanne M. & Pretzsch, Jürgen, 2024. "Forest sector contribution to the National Economy: Example wood products value chains originating from Iringa region, Tanzania," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 164(C).
    14. Haitham M. Ahmed & Hussin A. M. Ahmed & Sefiu O. Adewuyi, 2021. "Characterization of Microschist Rocks under High Temperature at Najran Area of Saudi Arabia," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-20, November.
    15. Galina Williams, 2016. "Economic Impacts from Development of the Coastal Town in Queensland on Tourism and Regional Economy," Resources, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-16, December.
    16. Anmar Dulaimi & Shakir Al-Busaltan & Mustafa Amoori Kadhim & Ruqayah Al-Khafaji & Monower Sadique & Hassan Al Nageim & Raed Khalid Ibrahem & Jan Awrejcewicz & Witold Pawłowski & Jasim M. Mahdi, 2022. "A Sustainable Cold Mix Asphalt Mixture Comprising Paper Sludge Ash and Cement Kiln Dust," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-15, August.
    17. Lidija Đurđevac Ignjatović & Vesna Krstić & Vlastimir Radonjanin & Violeta Jovanović & Mirjana Malešev & Dragan Ignjatović & Vanja Đurđevac, 2022. "Application of Cement Paste in Mining Works, Environmental Protection, and the Sustainable Development Goals in the Mining Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-13, June.
    18. Williams, Galina & Nikijuluw, Ruth, 2020. "Economic and social indicators between coal mining LGAs and non-coal mining LGAs in regional Queensland, Australia," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    19. Kumar, Rakesh & Kumar, Sanjay & Mehrotra, S.P., 2007. "Towards sustainable solutions for fly ash through mechanical activation," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 157-179.
    20. repec:elg:eechap:14395_26 is not listed on IDEAS
    21. Galina Williams, 2017. "Enhancing The Value Of Health Care Services At A Regional Level," Review of Urban & Regional Development Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(1), pages 46-62, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:3229-:d:1064075. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.