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Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides: A Review on the Influence of Impurities

Author

Listed:
  • Ali Zakeri

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada)

  • Kenneth S. Coley

    (Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Leili Tafaghodi

    (Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada)

Abstract

Greenhouse gas emissions are the primary root cause of anthropogenic climate change. The heterogeneity of industrial operations and the use of carbonaceous fossil fuels as raw materials makes it challenging to find effective solutions for reducing these emissions. The iron and steel industry is responsible for approximately 35% of all industrial CO 2 emissions. This value is equivalent to 7–9% of the global CO 2 emissions from all sectors. Using hydrogen (H 2 ) as the alternative reducing agent has the potential for a significant reduction in CO 2 emissions. Despite decades of research on H 2 -based reduction reactions, the reaction kinetics are still not well understood. One of the key influencing parameters on reduction kinetics is the effects of impurities in the iron ore, which needs to be unraveled for a better understanding of the reduction mechanisms. The present review paper aims to explore the single and combined effects of common impurities on the reduction behavior as well as the structural evolution of iron oxides.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Zakeri & Kenneth S. Coley & Leili Tafaghodi, 2023. "Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides: A Review on the Influence of Impurities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-25, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:17:p:13047-:d:1228495
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dierk Raabe & C. Cem Tasan & Elsa A. Olivetti, 2019. "Strategies for improving the sustainability of structural metals," Nature, Nature, vol. 575(7781), pages 64-74, November.
    2. Rissman, Jeffrey & Bataille, Chris & Masanet, Eric & Aden, Nate & Morrow, William R. & Zhou, Nan & Elliott, Neal & Dell, Rebecca & Heeren, Niko & Huckestein, Brigitta & Cresko, Joe & Miller, Sabbie A., 2020. "Technologies and policies to decarbonize global industry: Review and assessment of mitigation drivers through 2070," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 266(C).
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    Cited by:

    1. Khusniddin Alikulov & Zarif Aminov & La Hoang Anh & Tran Dang Xuan & Wookyung Kim, 2024. "Comparative Technical and Economic Analyses of Hydrogen-Based Steel and Power Sectors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-30, March.
    2. Vladimir M. Matyushok & Anastasiia V. Sinelnikova & Sergey B. Matyushok & Diana Pamela Chavarry Galvez, 2024. "Carbon Capture and Storage in Hydrogen Production: World Experience and Growth of Export Opportunities of the Russian Hydrogen Sector," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 14(1), pages 507-516, January.

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