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Recycling of 3D Printable Thermoplastic Cellulose-Composite

Author

Listed:
  • Kirsi Immonen

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Sini Metsä-Kortelainen

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Juha Nurmio

    (Brinter Oy, FI-20520 Turku, Finland)

  • Amélie Tribot

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Tuomas Turpeinen

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Atte Mikkelson

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Tomi Kalpio

    (Brinter Oy, FI-20520 Turku, Finland)

  • Otto-Ville Kaukoniemi

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

  • Heli Kangas

    (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., FI-02044 Espoo, Finland)

Abstract

3D printing enables sustainable product innovations through novel design, reduced use of materials, and local manufacturing. Sustainable 3D printing can further be realized using recyclable materials. Cellulose is an abundantly available renewable material. Modified celluloses, such as thermoplastic cellulose esters, are widely used in injection molding applications. The aim of this research was to study the properties of a cellulose-based composite (cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) polymer matrix with 20 wt. % microcellulose) in injection molding and granular extrusion-based 3D printing processes over multiple recycles. The impact of the processing methods on the composite’s properties were investigated. Both injection molded and 3D printed samples were ground with plastic grinding mill to particle sizes below 3 mm after each preparation stage and reused as such in the next process cycle. Morphology, mechanical and thermal properties, and material degradation were analyzed. The thermoplastic cellulose-based compound was found to be directly recyclable for both processes without the need for any additional compounding steps. The polymer matrix was able to withstand at least seven processing cycles without degradation. However, microcellulose was found to be more sensitive to thermal stress. The mechanical and thermal properties of the cellulose-based composites remained close to initial levels throughout.

Suggested Citation

  • Kirsi Immonen & Sini Metsä-Kortelainen & Juha Nurmio & Amélie Tribot & Tuomas Turpeinen & Atte Mikkelson & Tomi Kalpio & Otto-Ville Kaukoniemi & Heli Kangas, 2022. "Recycling of 3D Printable Thermoplastic Cellulose-Composite," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(5), pages 1-16, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:5:p:2734-:d:759012
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hunt, Emily J. & Zhang, Chenlong & Anzalone, Nick & Pearce, Joshua M., 2015. "Polymer recycling codes for distributed manufacturing with 3-D printers," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 97(C), pages 24-30.
    2. Karel Kellens & Martin Baumers & Timothy G. Gutowski & William Flanagan & Reid Lifset & Joost R. Duflou, 2017. "Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implications," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 21(S1), pages 49-68, November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Noura Al-Mazrouei & Ali H. Al-Marzouqi & Waleed Ahmed, 2022. "Characterization and Sustainability Potential of Recycling 3D-Printed Nylon Composite Wastes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-13, August.

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