IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i4p1986-d745769.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Modified Activated Carbon Synthesized from Oil Palm Leaves Waste as a Novel Green Adsorbent for Chemical Oxygen Demand in Produced Water

Author

Listed:
  • Hifsa Khurshid

    (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia)

  • Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa

    (Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia
    Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Malaysia)

  • Mohamed Hasnain Isa

    (Civil Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Gadong BE1410, Brunei)

Abstract

Palm tree waste is one of the most widespread forms of agricultural waste, particularly in areas where oil palms are cultivated, and its management is one of the industry’s key concerns. To deal with this palm waste, researchers are working hard to work out the ways to convert this plentiful waste into useful material for future beneficial applications. The objective of this study was to employ chemical activation techniques to prepare a new activated carbon (AC) using discarded oil palm leaves (OPL) in Malaysia. Three chemical agents (H 3 PO 4 , NaOH and ZnCl 2 ), as well as three pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C) and various impregnation ratios (1:0.5–1:3) were used to optimize the preparation process. As a result, the oil palm leaves activated carbon (OPLAC), with prominent surface properties, was obtained by ZnCl 2 activations with a 1:1 impregnation ratio and carbonized at a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C. The OPLAC-ZC had a surface area of 331.153 m 2 /g, pore size of 2.494 nm and carbon content of 81.2%. Results showed that the OPLAC-ZC was able to quickly (90 min) remove the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from produced water (PW), through chemical adsorption and an intraparticle diffusion mechanism. The material followed pseudo-second order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of organic pollutants forming COD in PW was found to be 4.62 mg/g (59.6 ± 5%). When compared to previous studies, the OPLAC-ZC showed equivalent or better COD removal capability. It is the first detailed study reporting the preparation of AC from OPL and applying it for organic pollutants adsorption forming COD in PW.

Suggested Citation

  • Hifsa Khurshid & Muhammad Raza Ul Mustafa & Mohamed Hasnain Isa, 2022. "Modified Activated Carbon Synthesized from Oil Palm Leaves Waste as a Novel Green Adsorbent for Chemical Oxygen Demand in Produced Water," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:4:p:1986-:d:745769
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/4/1986/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/4/1986/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Kohler, Tobias & Hinze, Moritz & Müller, Karsten & Schwieger, Wilhelm, 2017. "Temperature independent description of water adsorption on zeotypes showing a type V adsorption isotherm," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 135(C), pages 227-236.
    2. Hosseini, Seyed Ehsan & Wahid, Mazlan Abdul, 2014. "Utilization of palm solid residue as a source of renewable and sustainable energy in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 621-632.
    3. Awalludin, Mohd Fahmi & Sulaiman, Othman & Hashim, Rokiah & Nadhari, Wan Noor Aidawati Wan, 2015. "An overview of the oil palm industry in Malaysia and its waste utilization through thermochemical conversion, specifically via liquefaction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 1469-1484.
    4. Ahmad, Farah B. & Zhang, Zhanying & Doherty, William O.S. & O'Hara, Ian M., 2019. "The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 386-411.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Khatun, Rahima & Reza, Mohammad Imam Hasan & Moniruzzaman, M. & Yaakob, Zahira, 2017. "Sustainable oil palm industry: The possibilities," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 608-619.
    2. Rezania, Shahabaldin & Md Din, Mohd Fadhil & Kamaruddin, Siti Fatimah & Taib, Shazwin Mat & Singh, Lakhveer & Yong, Ee Ling & Dahalan, Farrah Aini, 2016. "Evaluation of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a potential raw material source for briquette production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 768-773.
    3. Lim, Chun Hsion & Lim, Steven & How, Bing Shen & Ng, Wendy Pei Qin & Ngan, Sue Lin & Leong, Wei Dong & Lam, Hon Loong, 2021. "A review of industry 4.0 revolution potential in a sustainable and renewable palm oil industry: HAZOP approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    4. How, Bing Shen & Ngan, Sue Lin & Hong, Boon Hooi & Lam, Hon Loong & Ng, Wendy Pei Qin & Yusup, Suzana & Ghani, Wan Azlina Wan Abd Karim & Kansha, Yasuki & Chan, Yi Herng & Cheah, Kin Wai & Shahbaz, Mu, 2019. "An outlook of Malaysian biomass industry commercialisation: Perspectives and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1-1.
    5. Ahmad, Farah B. & Zhang, Zhanying & Doherty, William O.S. & O'Hara, Ian M., 2019. "The outlook of the production of advanced fuels and chemicals from integrated oil palm biomass biorefinery," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 386-411.
    6. Jean de Dieu Marcel Ufitikirezi & Martin Filip & Mohammad Ghorbani & Tomáš Zoubek & Pavel Olšan & Roman Bumbálek & Miroslav Strob & Petr Bartoš & Sandra Nicole Umurungi & Yves Theoneste Murindangabo &, 2024. "Agricultural Waste Valorization: Exploring Environmentally Friendly Approaches to Bioenergy Conversion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-24, April.
    7. Lai, Long Wee & Idris, Ani, 2016. "Comparison of steam-alkali-chemical and microwave-alkali pretreatment for enhancing the enzymatic saccharification of oil palm trunk," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 738-746.
    8. Gordeeva, L.G. & Aristov, Yu.I., 2019. "Adsorptive heat storage and amplification: New cycles and adsorbents," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 440-453.
    9. Samiran, Nor Afzanizam & Jaafar, Mohammad Nazri Mohd & Ng, Jo-Han & Lam, Su Shiung & Chong, Cheng Tung, 2016. "Progress in biomass gasification technique – With focus on Malaysian palm biomass for syngas production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 1047-1062.
    10. Girnik, I.S. & Grekova, A.D. & Li, T.X. & Wang, R.Z. & Dutta, P. & Srinivasa Murthy, S. & Aristov, Yu.I., 2020. "Composite “LiCl/MWCNT/PVA” for adsorption thermal battery: Dynamics of methanol sorption," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 123(C).
    11. Nur Izzah Hamna A. Aziz & Marlia M. Hanafiah & Shabbir H. Gheewala & Haikal Ismail, 2020. "Bioenergy for a Cleaner Future: A Case Study of Sustainable Biogas Supply Chain in the Malaysian Energy Sector," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-24, April.
    12. Chen, Wei & Fang, Yang & Li, Kaixu & Chen, Zhiqun & Xia, Mingwei & Gong, Meng & Chen, Yingquan & Yang, Haiping & Tu, Xin & Chen, Hanping, 2020. "Bamboo wastes catalytic pyrolysis with N-doped biochar catalyst for phenols products," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 260(C).
    13. Kugelmeier, Cristie Luis & Monteiro, Marcos Roberto & da Silva, Rodrigo & Kuri, Sebastião Elias & Sordi, Vitor Luiz & Della Rovere, Carlos Alberto, 2021. "Corrosion behavior of carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum and copper upon exposure to biodiesel blended with petrodiesel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 226(C).
    14. Rozina, & Asif, Saira & Ahmad, Mushtaq & Zafar, Muhammad & Ali, Nsir, 2017. "Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-edible seed oils for use as biodiesel in Pakistan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 687-702.
    15. Teicht, Christian, 2023. "An easy-to-use modification of the potential theory of adsorption and creation of an adsorbent data base," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PD).
    16. Chen, Yizhong & Lu, Hongwei & Li, Jing & Huang, Guohe & He, Li, 2016. "Regional planning of new-energy systems within multi-period and multi-option contexts: A case study of Fengtai, Beijing, China," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 356-372.
    17. Zahraee, S.M. & Khalaji Assadi, M. & Saidur, R., 2016. "Application of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Hybrid Energy System Optimization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 617-630.
    18. Nabila, Rakhmawati & Hidayat, Wahyu & Haryanto, Agus & Hasanudin, Udin & Iryani, Dewi Agustina & Lee, Sihyun & Kim, Sangdo & Kim, Soohyun & Chun, Donghyuk & Choi, Hokyung & Im, Hyuk & Lim, Jeonghwan &, 2023. "Oil palm biomass in Indonesia: Thermochemical upgrading and its utilization," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 176(C).
    19. Mofijur, M. & Rasul, M.G. & Hyde, J. & Azad, A.K. & Mamat, R. & Bhuiya, M.M.K., 2016. "Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel–biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol–biodiesel–diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 53(C), pages 265-278.
    20. Lucio Bonaccorsi & Antonio Fotia & Angela Malara & Patrizia Frontera, 2020. "Advanced Adsorbent Materials for Waste Energy Recovery," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-15, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:4:p:1986-:d:745769. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.