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Epidemiological Study on Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to PM2.5-Bound Toxic Metals in the Industrial Metropolitan of Rayong, Thailand

Author

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  • Sawaeng Kawichai

    (Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    Environmental-Occupational Health Sciences and Non Communicable Diseases Research Group (EOHS and NCD Research Group), Research Institute for Health Sciences (RIHES), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand)

  • Susira Bootdee

    (Chemical Industrial Process and Environment Program, Faculty of Science, Energy and Environment, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (Rayong Campus), Rayong 21120, Thailand)

  • Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk

    (Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Lampang Rajabhat University, Lampang 52100, Thailand)

  • Radshadaporn Janta

    (Atmospheric Research Unit, National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai 53000, Thailand)

Abstract

The concentrations of PM2.5 and metallic elements were measured in Rayong during the dry season (November 2021 to April 2022). The mean PM2.5 concentration was 20.1 ± 10.9 µg/m 3 (4.9–52.3 µg/m 3 ). Moreover, the percentages of days when those PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the daily WHO and US-EPA NAAQS limit were 56.8% and 10.2%, respectively. However, the levels did not exceed 50 µg/m 3 , which is the limit of the 24 h standard defined by the PCD in Thailand. The dominant heavy metals and elements in PM2.5 samples were Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, V, and Zn, which constituted 70%. In Rayong, the PCA results showed that industrial emissions (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and traffic emissions (As, Cd, Cr, K, and Ni) were the major sources of PM2.5-bound heavy metals. Exposure to toxic metals in PM2.5 through the inhalation pathway in Rayong obviously entails a high potential risk of cancer (>10 −4 ) based on the total lung cancer risk (TCR inh ). It was found that the TCR inh values of Cr for combined age groups were higher than 10 −6 , which implies a high cancer risk in Rayong.

Suggested Citation

  • Sawaeng Kawichai & Susira Bootdee & Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk & Radshadaporn Janta, 2022. "Epidemiological Study on Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to PM2.5-Bound Toxic Metals in the Industrial Metropolitan of Rayong, Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15368-:d:977194
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xinyu Han & Shuai Li & Zezheng Li & Xiaochen Pang & Yuzhai Bao & Jianwu Shi & Ping Ning, 2021. "Concentrations, Source Characteristics, and Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals in PM 2.5 in a Plateau City (Kunming) in Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, October.
    2. Ching-Chih Chang & Yu-Wei Chang & Po-Chien Huang, 2022. "Effects of the INDC and GGRMA Regulations on the Impact of PM 2.5 Particle Emissions on Maritime Ports: A Study of Human Health and Environmental Costs," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Natasha A. Greene & Vernon R. Morris, 2006. "Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Atmospheric Exposure to PM 2.5 in Washington, DC, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-12, March.
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