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Children’s Blood Lead Seasonality in Flint, Michigan (USA), and Soil-Sourced Lead Hazard Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Mark A.S. Laidlaw

    (Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia)

  • Gabriel M. Filippelli

    (Department of Earth Sciences and Center for Urban Health, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA)

  • Richard C. Sadler

    (Department of Family Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI 48502, USA)

  • Christopher R. Gonzales

    (Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Andrew S. Ball

    (Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRe), School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia)

  • Howard W. Mielke

    (Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

Abstract

In Flint; MI; USA; a public health crisis resulted from the switching of the water supply from Lake Huron to a more corrosive source from the Flint River in April 2014; which caused lead to leach from water lines. Between 2010 and 2015; Flint area children’s average blood lead patterns display consistent peaks in the third quarter of the year. The third quarter blood lead peaks displayed a declining trend between 2010 and 2013; then rose abruptly between the third quarters of 2013 from 3.6% blood lead levels ≥5 µg/dL to a peak of about 7% in the third quarter of 2014; an increase of approximately 50%. The percentage of blood lead level ≥5 µg/dL in the first quarter of 2015 then dropped to 2.3%; which was the same percentage as the first quarter of 2014 (prior to the Flint River water source change). The Flint quarterly blood lead level peak then rose to about 6% blood lead levels ≥ 5 µg/dL in the third quarter of 2015; and then declined to about 2.5% in the fourth quarter of 2015. Soil lead data collected by Edible Flint food collaborative reveal generally higher soil lead values in the metropolitan center for Flint; with lower values in the outskirts of the city. The questions that are not being asked is why did children’s blood lead levels display a seasonal blood lead pattern before the introduction of the new water supply in Flint; and what are the implications of these seasonal blood lead patterns? Based upon previous findings in Detroit and other North American cities we infer that resuspension to the air of lead in the form of dust from lead contaminated soils in Flint appears to be a persistent contribution to lead exposure of Flint children even before the change in the water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint River.

Suggested Citation

  • Mark A.S. Laidlaw & Gabriel M. Filippelli & Richard C. Sadler & Christopher R. Gonzales & Andrew S. Ball & Howard W. Mielke, 2016. "Children’s Blood Lead Seasonality in Flint, Michigan (USA), and Soil-Sourced Lead Hazard Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:4:p:358-:d:66460
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Hanna-Attisha, M. & LaChance, J. & Sadler, R.C. & Schnepp, A.C., 2016. "Elevated blood lead levels in children associated with the flint drinking water crisis: A spatial analysis of risk and public health response," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 106(2), pages 283-290.
    2. Howard W. Mielke & Christopher Gonzales & Eric Powell & Paul W. Mielke, 2014. "Evolving from Reactive to Proactive Medicine: Community Lead (Pb) and Clinical Disparities in Pre- and Post-Katrina New Orleans," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-10, July.
    3. Natasha A. Greene & Vernon R. Morris, 2006. "Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Atmospheric Exposure to PM 2.5 in Washington, DC, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-12, March.
    4. Werner Troesken, 2008. "Lead Water Pipes and Infant Mortality at the Turn of the Twentieth Century," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 43(3), pages 553-575.
    5. Farfel, M.R. & Chisolm Jr., J.J., 1990. "Health and environmental outcomes of traditional and modified practices for abatement of residential lead-based paint," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 80(10), pages 1240-1245.
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    Cited by:

    1. Gabriel M. Filippelli & Jessica Adamic & Deborah Nichols & John Shukle & Emeline Frix, 2018. "Mapping the Urban Lead Exposome: A Detailed Analysis of Soil Metal Concentrations at the Household Scale Using Citizen Science," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-11, July.

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