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PM 2.5 and Trace Elements in Underground Shopping Districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea

Author

Listed:
  • Soo Ran Won

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
    Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17035, Korea)

  • In-Keun Shim

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Jeonghoon Kim

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Hyun Ah Ji

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Yumi Lee

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Jongchun Lee

    (Indoor Environment and Noise Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea)

  • Young Sung Ghim

    (Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17035, Korea)

Abstract

We measured PM 2.5 in 41 underground shopping districts (USDs) in the Seoul metropolitan area from June to November 2017, and associated 18 trace elements to determine the sources and assess the respiratory risks. The PM 2.5 concentrations were 18.0 ± 8.0 μg/m 3 inside USDs, which were lower than 25.2 ± 10.6 μg/m 3 outside. We identified five sources such as indoor miscellanea, soil dust, vehicle exhaust/cooking, coal combustion, and road/subway dust, using factor analysis. Almost 67% of the total trace element concentration resulted from soil dust. Soil dust contribution increased with the number of stores because of fugitive dust emissions due to an increase in passers-by. Vehicle exhaust/cooking contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were closed, whereas coal combustion contribution was higher when the entrances of the USDs were open. Although miscellanea and coal combustion contributions were 3.4% and 0.7%, respectively, among five elements with cancer risk, Cr and Ni were included in miscellanea, and Pb, Cd, and As were included in coal combustion. The excess cancer risk (ECR) was the highest at 67 × 10 −6 for Cr, and the ECR for Pb was lower than 10 −6 , a goal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency for hazardous air pollutants.

Suggested Citation

  • Soo Ran Won & In-Keun Shim & Jeonghoon Kim & Hyun Ah Ji & Yumi Lee & Jongchun Lee & Young Sung Ghim, 2021. "PM 2.5 and Trace Elements in Underground Shopping Districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:1:p:297-:d:474058
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yibing Yang & Liu Liu & Chunyu Xu & Na Li & Zhe Liu & Qin Wang & Dongqun Xu, 2018. "Source Apportionment and Influencing Factor Analysis of Residential Indoor PM 2.5 in Beijing," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-19, April.
    2. Natasha A. Greene & Vernon R. Morris, 2006. "Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Atmospheric Exposure to PM 2.5 in Washington, DC, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-12, March.
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    Cited by:

    1. Soo Ran Won & Young Sung Ghim & Jeonghoon Kim & Jungmin Ryu & In-Keun Shim & Jongchun Lee, 2021. "Volatile Organic Compounds in Underground Shopping Districts in Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-15, May.

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