IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i21p14281-d960105.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Chemical Composition, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Urban Sites of Bangkok, Thailand

Author

Listed:
  • Mushtaq Ahmad

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

  • Thanaphum Manjantrarat

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Wachiraya Rattanawongsa

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand)

  • Phitchaya Muensri

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand)

  • Rattaporn Saenmuangchin

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand)

  • Annop Klamchuen

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand)

  • Sasitorn Aueviriyavit

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand)

  • Kanokwan Sukrak

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

  • Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon

    (National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
    AFRS(T) The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand)

  • Sirima Panyametheekul

    (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Thailand Network Center on Air Quality Management: TAQM, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
    Research Unit: HAUS IAQ, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand)

Abstract

Of late, air pollution in Asia has increased, particularly in built-up areas due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. The present study sets out to examine the impact that pollution can have on the health of people living in the inner city of Bangkok, Thailand. Consequently, in 2021, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and coarse particulate matter (PM 10 ) chemical composition and sources are evaluated at three locations in Bangkok. To identify the possible sources of such particulates, therefore, the principal component analysis (PCA) technique is duly carried out. As determined via PCA, the major sources of air pollution in Bangkok are local emission sources and sea salt. The most significant local sources of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Bangkok include primary combustion, such as vehicle emissions, coal combustion, biomass burning, secondary aerosol formation, industrial emissions, and dust sources. Except for the hazard quotient (HQ) of Ni and Mn of PM 2.5 for adults, the HQ values of As, Cd, Cr, Mn, and Ni of both PM 2.5 and PM 10 were below the safe level (HQ = 1) for adults and children. This indicates that exposure to these metals would have non-carcinogenic health effects. Except for the carcinogenic risk (HI) value of Cr of PM 2.5 and PM 10 , which can cause cancer in adults, at Bangna and Din Daeng, the HI values of Cd, Ni, As, and Pb of PM 2.5 and PM 10 are below the limit set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Ni and Mn pose non-carcinogenic risks, whereas Cr poses carcinogenic risks to adults via inhalation, a serious threat to the residents of Bangkok.

Suggested Citation

  • Mushtaq Ahmad & Thanaphum Manjantrarat & Wachiraya Rattanawongsa & Phitchaya Muensri & Rattaporn Saenmuangchin & Annop Klamchuen & Sasitorn Aueviriyavit & Kanokwan Sukrak & Wiyong Kangwansupamonkon & , 2022. "Chemical Composition, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Urban Sites of Bangkok, Thailand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14281-:d:960105
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14281/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/21/14281/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Natasha A. Greene & Vernon R. Morris, 2006. "Assessment of Public Health Risks Associated with Atmospheric Exposure to PM 2.5 in Washington, DC, USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 3(1), pages 1-12, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Soo Ran Won & In-Keun Shim & Jeonghoon Kim & Hyun Ah Ji & Yumi Lee & Jongchun Lee & Young Sung Ghim, 2021. "PM 2.5 and Trace Elements in Underground Shopping Districts in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(1), pages 1-16, January.
    2. Sawaeng Kawichai & Susira Bootdee & Sopittaporn Sillapapiromsuk & Radshadaporn Janta, 2022. "Epidemiological Study on Health Risk Assessment of Exposure to PM2.5-Bound Toxic Metals in the Industrial Metropolitan of Rayong, Thailand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Daniel Dunea & Stefania Iordache & Alin Pohoata, 2016. "Fine Particulate Matter in Urban Environments: A Trigger of Respiratory Symptoms in Sensitive Children," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, December.
    4. Mark A.S. Laidlaw & Gabriel M. Filippelli & Richard C. Sadler & Christopher R. Gonzales & Andrew S. Ball & Howard W. Mielke, 2016. "Children’s Blood Lead Seasonality in Flint, Michigan (USA), and Soil-Sourced Lead Hazard Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-13, March.
    5. Biao Sun & Shan Yang, 2020. "Asymmetric and Spatial Non-Stationary Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Urban Housing Prices in Chinese Cities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-23, October.
    6. Ping Zhang & Bo Hong & Liang He & Fei Cheng & Peng Zhao & Cailiang Wei & Yunhui Liu, 2015. "Temporal and Spatial Simulation of Atmospheric Pollutant PM2.5 Changes and Risk Assessment of Population Exposure to Pollution Using Optimization Algorithms of the Back Propagation-Artificial Neural N," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(10), pages 1-25, September.
    7. Xu Meng & Ying Zhang & Kun-Qi Yang & Yan-Kun Yang & Xian-Liang Zhou, 2016. "Potential Harmful Effects of PM 2.5 on Occurrence and Progression of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Prevention Measures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-16, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:21:p:14281-:d:960105. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.