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Estimation of Ecological and Human Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Madrid City (Spain)

Author

Listed:
  • María José Delgado-Iniesta

    (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain)

  • Pura Marín-Sanleandro

    (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain)

  • Elvira Díaz-Pereira

    (Soil and Water Conservation Research Group, Spanish National Research Council (CEBAS-CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain)

  • Francisco Bautista

    (University Laboratory of Environmental Geophysics (LUGA), Environmental Geography Research Center, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico No. 8701, Morelia 58190, Michoacan, Mexico)

  • Miriam Romero-Muñoz

    (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain)

  • Antonio Sánchez-Navarro

    (Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Geology and Pedology, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain)

Abstract

In this work, sampling was carried out in the urban area of Madrid to analyze the content of total heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Cd) in the street dust. Contamination was evaluated using various indices, such as the Contamination Factor (CF), Enrichment Factor (EF), Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), the Human Health Index Hazard Index (HI), and Cancer Risk (CR). Pollution indices were related to traffic density and color. Traffic density was the factor that most influenced the values of the pollution indexes, but no significant differences were found with the color of street dust. The concentration of heavy metals in the urban dust of Madrid had the following sequence: Zn (895) > Cu (411) > Pb (290) > Cr (100) > Ni (42) > Cd (1.25 mg kg −1 ). The pollution levels were high or very high in Pb, Zn, and Cd regarding the environmental pollution indexes. Ingestion was the main route of exposure to heavy metals contained in street dust. The CR for adults and children is less than 1 × 10 −6 , which means that there is no risk for the population. However, the HI was 10 times higher in children than in adults.

Suggested Citation

  • María José Delgado-Iniesta & Pura Marín-Sanleandro & Elvira Díaz-Pereira & Francisco Bautista & Miriam Romero-Muñoz & Antonio Sánchez-Navarro, 2022. "Estimation of Ecological and Human Health Risks Posed by Heavy Metals in Street Dust of Madrid City (Spain)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:9:p:5263-:d:802462
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pura Marín Sanleandro & Antonio Sánchez Navarro & Elvira Díaz-Pereira & Francisco Bautista Zuñiga & Miriam Romero Muñoz & María José Delgado Iniesta, 2018. "Assessment of Heavy Metals and Color as Indicators of Contamination in Street Dust of a City in SE Spain: Influence of Traffic Intensity and Sampling Location," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-14, November.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Pura Marín-Sanleandro & María José Delgado-Iniesta & Anthony Felipe Sáenz-Segovia & Antonio Sánchez-Navarro, 2023. "Spatial Identification and Hotspots of Ecological Risk from Heavy Metals in Urban Dust in the City of Cartagena, SE Spain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-20, December.
    2. Jorge Bañuelos-Gimeno & Natalia Sobrino & Rosa María Arce-Ruiz, 2023. "Effects of Mobility Restrictions on Air Pollution in the Madrid Region during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Periods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-23, August.
    3. Xiuyun Yang & Mamattursun Eziz & Adila Hayrat & Xiaofei Ma & Wei Yan & Kaixuan Qian & Jiaxin Li & Yuan Liu & Yifan Wang, 2022. "Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment of Surface Dust in the Arid NW China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(20), pages 1-21, October.
    4. Miguel Santoyo-Martínez & Anahí Aguilera & Ángeles Gallegos & Cristo Puente & Avto Goguitchaichvili & Francisco Bautista, 2022. "Pollution Levels and Potential Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Indoor and Outdoor Dust during the COVID-19 Era in Gómez Palacios City, Mexico," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-15, December.
    5. Muhammad Sabir & Edita Baltrėnaitė-Gedienė & Allah Ditta & Hussain Ullah & Aatika Kanwal & Sajid Ullah & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in a Soil–Plant System from an Open Dumpsite and the Associated Health Risks through Multiple Routes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-22, October.

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