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Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes

Author

Listed:
  • Manuela Moreira da Silva

    (Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
    CIMA—Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
    CEiiA—Centre of Engineering and Development, Avenida D. Afonso Henriques 1825, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal)

  • Flávia C. Resende

    (Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal)

  • Bárbara Freitas

    (Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal)

  • Jaime Aníbal

    (Institute of Engineering, Campus da Penha, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
    CIMA—Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal)

  • António Martins

    (Águas do Algarve, S.A., Águas de Portugal Group, Rua do Repouso, 10, 8000-302 Faro, Portugal)

  • Amílcar Duarte

    (Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
    MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal)

Abstract

Water scarcity is increasing in the Mediterranean and alternative sources of water are needed to meet food production needs, protect the environment and reduce the effects of climate change. Currently, many urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) produce high volumes of treated effluents which can be an alternative source of water for agriculture irrigation, since they fulfill the quality requirements for crops and the environment. This work analyzed the quantity and quality of a treated effluent produced by an urban WWTP in Algarve, and the environmental benefits of its use on the irrigation of a citrus orchard, as an alternative to groundwater. Carbon dioxide emissions related to orange production were quantified and the orchard’s potential to sequester CO 2 was estimated. The reuse of this urban wastewater is revealed to be technologically feasible and environmentally advantageous, avoiding the overexploitation of the local aquifer and preventing the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems, contributing to the improvement of soil characteristics and decreasing the carbon emissions in orange production. Furthermore, it was found that during the five-month experimental period, the citrus orchard sequestered 87.5% of the CO 2 e emitted by WWTP in the effluent treatment, converting 72,623 kg of sequestered CO 2 into orange biomass.

Suggested Citation

  • Manuela Moreira da Silva & Flávia C. Resende & Bárbara Freitas & Jaime Aníbal & António Martins & Amílcar Duarte, 2022. "Urban Wastewater Reuse for Citrus Irrigation in Algarve, Portugal—Environmental Benefits and Carbon Fluxes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:17:p:10715-:d:900162
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cirelli, G.L. & Consoli, S. & Licciardello, F. & Aiello, R. & Giuffrida, F. & Leonardi, C., 2012. "Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 163-170.
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    3. Ribal, Javier & Sanjuan, Neus & Clemente, Gabriela & Fenollosa, M. Loreto, 2009. "Medición de la ecoeficiencia en procesos productivos en el sector agrario. Caso de estudio sobre producción de cítricos," Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales, Spanish Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 9(02), pages 1-24.
    4. Jiang, Yao & Xu, Xu & Huang, Quanzhong & Huo, Zailin & Huang, Guanhua, 2016. "Optimizing regional irrigation water use by integrating a two-level optimization model and an agro-hydrological model," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 178(C), pages 76-88.
    5. Libutti, Angela & Gatta, Giuseppe & Gagliardi, Anna & Vergine, Pompilio & Pollice, Alfieri & Beneduce, Luciano & Disciglio, Grazia & Tarantino, Emanuele, 2018. "Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 1-14.
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    Cited by:

    1. Eleonora Santos, 2024. "Are Climate Change Strategies Effective in Managing Urban Water Resources? The Case of Portugal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-17, November.

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