Toward Energy-Efficient Houses Considering Social Cultural Needs in Bahrain: A New Framework Approach

The residential buildings in Bahrain represent approximately 76% of the total buildings and account for 50% of the nation’s overall energy consumption. Air conditioners account for over 70% of the electricity used in a typical Bahraini house. To date, no comprehensive study has been carried out on the energy efficiency of houses considering building envelopes, design, and social cultural needs in hot, humid regions with reference to Bahrain. This paper aims to develop and test a framework for energy-efficient houses that satisfies social cultural needs using mixed research methods. These research methods involved measurements of environmental parameters and observational surveys of 20 private houses. Additionally, a survey questionnaire was conducted with 111 householders to collect data on design preferences, thermal comfort, and energy consumption. Further, semi-structured interviews with 18 professionals were conducted and a range of simulations were carried out on a typical private house. Consequently, the framework was developed in three stages: data collection and analysis, specification of an energy-efficient building design satisfying social cultural needs, and producing a prototype model. Simulation results showed that the prototype house model can reduce energy consumption by 57% and operative temperature by 4 °C in comparison to the existing case study. The prototype model ensured privacy by adding two shaded corner courtyards and directing all the bedroom windows to face the courtyard. Feedback on the prototype was gathered to create a new and improved iteration of the future housing model.