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Validation of Francis–Kaplan Turbine Blade Strike Models for Adult and Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar, L.) and Anadromous Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta, L.) Passing High Head Turbines

Author

Listed:
  • Linda Vikström

    (Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Skogsmarksgränd, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden)

  • Kjell Leonardsson

    (Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Skogsmarksgränd, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden)

  • Johan Leander

    (Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden)

  • Samuel Shry

    (River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, S-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden)

  • Olle Calles

    (River Ecology and Management Research Group RivEM, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, S-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden)

  • Gustav Hellström

    (Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Umeå, Skogsmarksgränd, 907 36 Umeå, Sweden)

Abstract

The negative effects of hydroelectric power (HEP) on salmonid populations has long been recognized and studied. Downstream passage through turbines may potentially constitute a significant source of mortality for both juvenile and adult fish in regulated rivers. Numerical models have been developed to calculate turbine passage mortality based on the probability of collision with the turbine blades, but although widely used in management and conservation, their performance is rarely validated in terms of the accuracy and bias of the mortality estimates. In this study, we evaluated commonly used blade strike models for Kaplan and Francis turbines by comparing model predictions with observed passage mortalities for juvenile 13–27 cm and adult 52–94 cm Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar , L.) and anadromous brown trout ( Salmo trutta , L.) acquired by acoustic telemetry. Predictions made for juveniles aligned closer with observed mortality for both Kaplan and Francis turbines (within 1–3% percentage points). However, the model severely underestimated the mortality of adult fish passing through Francis turbines, with up to 50% percentage points difference between predicted and observed mortalities. Furthermore, the model did not capture a clear negative correlation between mortality and discharge observed for salmon between 50–60 cm (grilse). We concluded that blade strike models are a useful tool for quantifying passage mortality for salmonid smolts passing large, high-head turbines, but that the same models should be used with care when trying to estimate the passage mortality of kelts in iteroparous populations. We also concluded that the major cause of passage mortality for juveniles is injury by collision with the turbine blade, but that other factors seem to contribute substantially to the passage mortality of kelts. Our study reports low mortality for smolts up to 27 cm passing through Kaplan and Francis turbines (0–12%), but high mortality for salmon over 50 cm passing though Francis turbines (56–81%).

Suggested Citation

  • Linda Vikström & Kjell Leonardsson & Johan Leander & Samuel Shry & Olle Calles & Gustav Hellström, 2020. "Validation of Francis–Kaplan Turbine Blade Strike Models for Adult and Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar, L.) and Anadromous Brown Trout (Salmo Trutta, L.) Passing High Head Turbines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-13, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:16:p:6384-:d:396096
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Fu, Tao & Deng, Zhiqun Daniel & Duncan, Joanne P. & Zhou, Daqing & Carlson, Thomas J. & Johnson, Gary E. & Hou, Hongfei, 2016. "Assessing hydraulic conditions through Francis turbines using an autonomous sensor device," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 1244-1252.
    2. Martinez, J.J. & Deng, Z.D. & Titzler, P.S. & Duncan, J.P. & Lu, J. & Mueller, R.P. & Tian, C. & Trumbo, B.A. & Ahmann, M.L. & Renholds, J.F., 2019. "Hydraulic and biological characterization of a large Kaplan turbine," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 240-249.
    3. Klopries, Elena-Maria & Schüttrumpf, Holger, 2020. "Mortality assessment for adult European eels (Anguilla Anguilla) during turbine passage using CFD modelling," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 147(P1), pages 1481-1490.
    4. Deng, Zhiqun & Carlson, Thomas J. & Ploskey, Gene R. & Richmond, Marshall C. & Dauble, Dennis D., 2007. "Evaluation of blade-strike models for estimating the biological performance of Kaplan turbines," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 208(2), pages 165-176.
    5. Zhiqun Deng & Thomas J. Carlson & Dennis D. Dauble & Gene R. Ploskey, 2011. "Fish Passage Assessment of an Advanced Hydropower Turbine and Conventional Turbine Using Blade-Strike Modeling," Energies, MDPI, vol. 4(1), pages 1-11, January.
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