IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/rensus/v207y2025ics1364032124006774.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Comparative assessment of global warming potential of gasoline, battery, and hybrid vehicles in India

Author

Listed:
  • Shet K, Harshendra N.
  • Moholkar, Vijayanand S.

Abstract

This study reports a comparative analysis of life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG, CO2-eq.) emissions of three fuel-type vehicles, viz. internal combustion engine (ICEVs), battery electric (BEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), from an Indian perspective. Vehicles in hatchback and compact sports utility vehicles (SUVs) categories were analyzed. GHG emissions in fuel life cycle (well-to-tank and tank-to-wheel) and vehicle life cycle were estimated using data from websites of OEMs and ministries of Government of India, and the GREET software. The vehicle life cycle constitutes a smaller fraction (15–20 %) of total life cycle GHG emissions for ICEVs and HEVs compared to BEVs (∼35 %). The vehicle cycle emissions of BEVs are higher than ICEV and HEV in both categories (52–63 % for hatchback and approx. 45 % for compact SUV). The fuel cycle emissions of BEVs are smaller than ICEV and HEV in both categories (29–34 % for hatchback and 32–40 % for compact SUV). The total life cycle GHG emissions of BEVs were lower than ICEV and HEV (15–17 % in hatchback and 17–25 % in compact SUV category) for the 2023 energy mix in India with a significant share of thermal route. With anticipated doubling of renewable energy sources in India by 2030, the total life cycle GHG emission of BEV will decrease by approximately 20 %. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that BEVs produce higher GHG emissions than ICEVs and HEVs until a minimum lifetime travel distance. Thermal power plant efficiency and battery lifespan also influence BEVs lifetime GHG emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Shet K, Harshendra N. & Moholkar, Vijayanand S., 2025. "Comparative assessment of global warming potential of gasoline, battery, and hybrid vehicles in India," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 207(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:207:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124006774
    DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114951
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032124006774
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114951?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ryuji Kawamoto & Hideo Mochizuki & Yoshihisa Moriguchi & Takahiro Nakano & Masayuki Motohashi & Yuji Sakai & Atsushi Inaba, 2019. "Estimation of CO 2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Patil, V. & Shastry, V. & Himabindu, M. & Ravikrishna, R.V., 2016. "Life-cycle analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive fuels in India: Part 2 – Well-to-wheels analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 699-712.
    3. Kalghatgi, Gautam, 2018. "Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 225(C), pages 965-974.
    4. Faria, Ricardo & Marques, Pedro & Moura, Pedro & Freire, Fausto & Delgado, Joaquim & de Almeida, Aníbal T., 2013. "Impact of the electricity mix and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 271-287.
    5. Qiao, Qinyu & Zhao, Fuquan & Liu, Zongwei & He, Xin & Hao, Han, 2019. "Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of Electric Vehicles in China: Combining the vehicle cycle and fuel cycle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 222-233.
    6. Nimesh, Vikas & Sharma, Debojit & Reddy, V. Mahendra & Goswami, Arkopal Kishore, 2020. "Implication viability assessment of shift to electric vehicles for present power generation scenario of India," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 195(C).
    7. Gupta, S. & Patil, V. & Himabindu, M. & Ravikrishna, R.V., 2016. "Life-cycle analysis of energy and greenhouse gas emissions of automotive fuels in India: Part 1 – Tank-to-Wheel analysis," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 684-698.
    8. Doluweera, Ganesh & Hahn, Fabian & Bergerson, Joule & Pruckner, Marco, 2020. "A scenario-based study on the impacts of electric vehicles on energy consumption and sustainability in Alberta," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    9. Troy R. Hawkins & Bhawna Singh & Guillaume Majeau‐Bettez & Anders Hammer Strømman, 2013. "Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 17(1), pages 53-64, February.
    10. Buberger, Johannes & Kersten, Anton & Kuder, Manuel & Eckerle, Richard & Weyh, Thomas & Thiringer, Torbjörn, 2022. "Total CO2-equivalent life-cycle emissions from commercially available passenger cars," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Will, Christian & Zimmermann, Florian & Ensslen, Axel & Fraunholz, Christoph & Jochem, Patrick & Keles, Dogan, 2024. "Can electric vehicle charging be carbon neutral? Uniting smart charging and renewables," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 371(C).
    2. Shafique, Muhammad & Azam, Anam & Rafiq, Muhammad & Luo, Xiaowei, 2022. "Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles: A case study of Hong Kong," Research in Transportation Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    3. Nenming Wang & Guwen Tang, 2022. "A Review on Environmental Efficiency Evaluation of New Energy Vehicles Using Life Cycle Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-35, March.
    4. Fuquan Zhao & Kangda Chen & Han Hao & Zongwei Liu, 2020. "Challenges, Potential and Opportunities for Internal Combustion Engines in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-15, June.
    5. Huang, Hai-chao & He, Hong-di & Peng, Zhong-ren, 2024. "Urban-scale estimation model of carbon emissions for ride-hailing electric vehicles during operational phase," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 293(C).
    6. Onat, Nuri Cihat & Kucukvar, Murat & Tatari, Omer, 2015. "Conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid or electric vehicles? State-based comparative carbon and energy footprint analysis in the United States," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 36-49.
    7. Liu, Hongxiang & Han, Ling & Cao, Yue, 2020. "Improving transmission efficiency and reducing energy consumption with automotive continuously variable transmission: A model prediction comprehensive optimization approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 274(C).
    8. Yang, Zijun & Wang, Bowen & Jiao, Kui, 2020. "Life cycle assessment of fuel cell, electric and internal combustion engine vehicles under different fuel scenarios and driving mileages in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 198(C).
    9. Choi, Hyunhong & Shin, Jungwoo & Woo, JongRoul, 2018. "Effect of electricity generation mix on battery electric vehicle adoption and its environmental impact," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 121(C), pages 13-24.
    10. Oda, Hiromu & Noguchi, Hiroki & Fuse, Masaaki, 2022. "Review of life cycle assessment for automobiles: A meta-analysis-based approach," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 159(C).
    11. Kain Glensor & María Rosa Muñoz B., 2019. "Life-Cycle Assessment of Brazilian Transport Biofuel and Electrification Pathways," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-31, November.
    12. Rupp, Matthias & Handschuh, Nils & Rieke, Christian & Kuperjans, Isabel, 2019. "Contribution of country-specific electricity mix and charging time to environmental impact of battery electric vehicles: A case study of electric buses in Germany," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 237(C), pages 618-634.
    13. Wu, Ziyang & Wang, Can & Wolfram, Paul & Zhang, Yaxin & Sun, Xin & Hertwich, Edgar, 2019. "Assessing electric vehicle policy with region-specific carbon footprints," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 256(C).
    14. Jarod C. Kelly & Qiang Dai & Michael Wang, 2020. "Globally regional life cycle analysis of automotive lithium-ion nickel manganese cobalt batteries," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(3), pages 371-396, March.
    15. Khan, Muhammad Imran & Shahrestani, Mehdi & Hayat, Tasawar & Shakoor, Abdul & Vahdati, Maria, 2019. "Life cycle (well-to-wheel) energy and environmental assessment of natural gas as transportation fuel in Pakistan," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 242(C), pages 1738-1752.
    16. Solhee Kim & Rylie E. O. Pelton & Timothy M. Smith & Jimin Lee & Jeongbae Jeon & Kyo Suh, 2019. "Environmental Implications of the National Power Roadmap with Policy Directives for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-22, November.
    17. Martin, H. & Buffat, R. & Bucher, D. & Hamper, J. & Raubal, M., 2022. "Using rooftop photovoltaic generation to cover individual electric vehicle demand—A detailed case study," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    18. Manzetti, Sergio & Mariasiu, Florin, 2015. "Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 1004-1012.
    19. Jeyaseelan, Thangaraja & Ekambaram, Porpatham & Subramanian, Jayagopal & Shamim, Tariq, 2022. "A comprehensive review on the current trends, challenges and future prospects for sustainable mobility," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    20. Xiaoxue Zheng & Haiyan Lin & Zhi Liu & Dengfeng Li & Carlos Llopis-Albert & Shouzhen Zeng, 2018. "Manufacturing Decisions and Government Subsidies for Electric Vehicles in China: A Maximal Social Welfare Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-28, March.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:rensus:v:207:y:2025:i:c:s1364032124006774. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/600126/description#description .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.