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Perceptions of Work–Family–Engineering Relationships Among Employed Female Engineers in Yemen: A Survey Study

Author

Listed:
  • Atef M. Ghaleb

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia)

  • Laila Abdulkhaliq

    (Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen
    Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Aljanad University for Science and Technology, Taiz 6803, Yemen)

  • Halah Abd Al-nour

    (Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen
    Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Aljanad University for Science and Technology, Taiz 6803, Yemen)

  • Mokhtar Ali Amrani

    (Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen)

  • Hanaa A. Hebah

    (Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Taiz University, Taiz 6803, Yemen
    Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, Aljanad University for Science and Technology, Taiz 6803, Yemen)

  • Sobhi Mejjaouli

    (Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract

Work–family conflict (WFC) is a worldwide and timeless dilemma that negatively and significantly impacts the performance of employees, families, and organizations. It intensifies when the career is engineering, the employee is female, and the job environment requires heavy-duty and field tasks. The present study investigates the WFC in an engineering environment for female engineers and studies many women-related issues in Yemen. Three questionnaires targeted 130 female engineer graduates, 60 senior engineers, and 20 female engineers’ husbands. The results indicated that marriage is strongly and negatively correlated to educational performance, job opportunities, and job continuity. The present study suggests that, in conservative societies, disruptions from family-to-work are more pronounced compared to work-to-family. Several external factors, including low stipends, economic downturns, and political crises, have a negative impact on job opportunities and job spillover. A significant finding revealed that the average wage of female engineers in Yemen is USD 145, which is 3.822 times lower than that of their male counterparts. The survey results indicated that only single female engineers, but not married female engineers, are currently employed in the industrial and construction sector. Most female engineering graduates are working in jobs unrelated to engineering. Employed females face balancing professional responsibilities, household tasks, and social commitments. Society needs to implement policies that alleviate the pressure on women’s work and promote and support dual-earning couples to enhance family income. The present study recommends organizations offer flexible work schedules, allow remote work options, and create a healthy work environment to address the work–family imbalance, particularly in male-dominated environments.

Suggested Citation

  • Atef M. Ghaleb & Laila Abdulkhaliq & Halah Abd Al-nour & Mokhtar Ali Amrani & Hanaa A. Hebah & Sobhi Mejjaouli, 2025. "Perceptions of Work–Family–Engineering Relationships Among Employed Female Engineers in Yemen: A Survey Study," Societies, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-23, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:15:y:2025:i:1:p:13-:d:1567127
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. April Yue, Cen, 2022. "The paradox of using public social media for work: The influence of after-hours work communication on employee outcomes," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 748-759.
    2. Rshood Al-Khraif & Asharaf Abdul Salam & Mohd Fadzil Abdul Rashid, 2020. "Family Demographic Transition in Saudi Arabia: Emerging Issues and Concerns," SAGE Open, , vol. 10(1), pages 21582440209, March.
    3. Tsukerman, Dmitry & Leger, Kate A. & Charles, Susan T., 2020. "Work-family spillover stress predicts health outcomes across two decades," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    4. Halah Abdalnour & Laila Abdulkhaliq & Atef M. Ghaleb & Mokhtar Ali Amrani & Fahd Alduais, 2023. "Challenges to Female Engineers’ Employment in the Conservative and Unstable Society of Taiz State, Yemen: A Survey Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
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