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Integrating Young People into the Workforce: England’s Twenty-First Century Solutions

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  • Ken Roberts

    (Department of Sociology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK)

Abstract

This paper uses the transition regime concept in a case study of how the regime in England has been reconstructed since the 1980s. It explains how the former transition regime evolved gradually up to the 1970s. Thereafter the regime proved unable to cope with an acceleration of de-industrialisation and the government’s switch to neo-liberal social and economic policies. These changes destroyed many working-class routes into employment. The resultant push onto academic routes, which had the attraction of continuing to lead to jobs, meant that the enlarged numbers exiting the routes could no longer rely on employment that offered secure middle-class futures. The paper explains how the next 30 years became a period of radical regime reconstruction. Government education, training and welfare policies and changes in the economy and occupational structure, were the context in which schools, colleges and higher education institutions, employers and other training providers, together with young people, ‘negotiated’ new routes from points to entry to exits into different classes of employment. At the beginning of the 2020s, the reconstructed regime was delivering the fastest education-to-work transitions in Europe, with lower than average rates of youth unemployment and NEET. Then came the challenges of COVID-19, lockdowns and Brexit.

Suggested Citation

  • Ken Roberts, 2022. "Integrating Young People into the Workforce: England’s Twenty-First Century Solutions," Societies, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-15, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsoctx:v:12:y:2022:i:2:p:38-:d:761862
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Schoon, Ingrid & Lyons-Amos, Mark, 2016. "Diverse pathways in becoming an adult: The role of structure, agency and context," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 46, pages 11-20.
    2. Maarten Goos & Alan Manning, 2007. "Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 89(1), pages 118-133, February.
    3. Geoff Payne, 1987. "Mobility and Social Class," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Employment and Opportunity, chapter 8, pages 189-192, Palgrave Macmillan.
    4. Holford, Angus J., 2017. "Access to and Returns from Unpaid Graduate Internships," IZA Discussion Papers 10845, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
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    Cited by:

    1. Judith Jacovkis & Alejandro Montes & Xavier Rambla, 2022. "When Arriving Is Not Enough—Constraints in Access to Education and Employment Opportunities for Migrant Youth," Societies, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-15, June.
    2. Siyka Kovacheva & Xavier Rambla, 2023. "The Dual Nature of Opportunity Structures Amid the Global Pandemic," Societies, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-9, January.

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