IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jrisks/v11y2023i8p143-d1210898.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

On the Diversification Effect in Solvency II for Extremely Dependent Risks

Author

Listed:
  • Yongzhao Chen

    (Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Insurance, The Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, Siu Lek Yuen, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
    Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China)

  • Ka Chun Cheung

    (Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China)

  • Sheung Chi Phillip Yam

    (Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China)

  • Fei Lung Yuen

    (School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, UK)

  • Jia Zeng

    (Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

In this article, we investigate the validity of diversification effect under extreme-value copulas, when the marginal risks of the portfolio are identically distributed, which can be any one having a finite endpoint or belonging to one of the three maximum domains of attraction. We show that Value-at-Risk (V@R) under extreme-value copulas is asymptotically subadditive for marginal risks with finite mean, while it is asymptotically superadditive for risks with infinite mean. Our major findings enrich and supplement the context of the second fundamental theorem of quantitative risk management in existing literature, which states that V@R of a portfolio is typically non-subadditive for non-elliptically distributed risk vectors. In particular, we now pin down when the V@R is super or subadditive depending on the heaviness of the marginal tail risk. According to our results, one can take advantages from the diversification effect for marginal risks with finite mean. This justifies the standard formula for calculating the capital requirement under Solvency II in which imperfect correlations are used for various risk exposures.

Suggested Citation

  • Yongzhao Chen & Ka Chun Cheung & Sheung Chi Phillip Yam & Fei Lung Yuen & Jia Zeng, 2023. "On the Diversification Effect in Solvency II for Extremely Dependent Risks," Risks, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-22, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:11:y:2023:i:8:p:143-:d:1210898
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/11/8/143/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9091/11/8/143/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Genest, Christian & Rivest, Louis-Paul, 1989. "A characterization of gumbel's family of extreme value distributions," Statistics & Probability Letters, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 207-211, August.
    2. Ser-Huang Poon, 2004. "Extreme Value Dependence in Financial Markets: Diagnostics, Models, and Financial Implications," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 17(2), pages 581-610.
    3. Hua, Lei, 2017. "On a bivariate copula with both upper and lower full-range tail dependence," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 94-104.
    4. Pfeifer Dietmar & Ragulina Olena, 2021. "Generating unfavourable VaR scenarios under Solvency II with patchwork copulas," Dependence Modeling, De Gruyter, vol. 9(1), pages 327-346, January.
    5. Hua, Lei & Joe, Harry, 2012. "Tail comonotonicity: Properties, constructions, and asymptotic additivity of risk measures," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(2), pages 492-503.
    6. Edward Frees & Emiliano Valdez, 1998. "Understanding Relationships Using Copulas," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(1), pages 1-25.
    7. Ka Chun Cheung & Hok Kan Ling & Qihe Tang & Sheung Chi Phillip Yam & Fei Lung Yuen, 2019. "On additivity of tail comonotonic risks," Scandinavian Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2019(10), pages 837-866, November.
    8. Gudendorf, Gordon & Segers, Johan, 2012. "Nonparametric estimation of multivariate extreme-value copulas," LIDAM Reprints ISBA 2012011, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Statistics, Biostatistics and Actuarial Sciences (ISBA).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Su, Jianxi & Hua, Lei, 2017. "A general approach to full-range tail dependence copulas," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(C), pages 49-64.
    2. Fernandez, Viviana, 2008. "Copula-based measures of dependence structure in assets returns," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(14), pages 3615-3628.
    3. Matthieu Garcin & Maxime L. D. Nicolas, 2021. "Nonparametric estimator of the tail dependence coefficient: balancing bias and variance," Papers 2111.11128, arXiv.org, revised Jul 2023.
    4. Yong Ma & Zhengjun Zhang & Weiguo Zhang & Weidong Xu, 2015. "Evaluating the Default Risk of Bond Portfolios with Extreme Value Theory," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 45(4), pages 647-668, April.
    5. Naifar, Nader, 2012. "Modeling the dependence structure between default risk premium, equity return volatility and the jump risk: Evidence from a financial crisis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 29(2), pages 119-131.
    6. Denitsa Stefanova, 2012. "Stock Market Asymmetries: A Copula Diffusion," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 12-125/IV/DSF45, Tinbergen Institute.
    7. Peter J. Danaher & Michael S. Smith, 2011. "Modeling Multivariate Distributions Using Copulas: Applications in Marketing," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 30(1), pages 4-21, 01-02.
    8. Dutfoy Anne & Parey Sylvie & Roche Nicolas, 2014. "Multivariate Extreme Value Theory - A Tutorial with Applications to Hydrology and Meteorology," Dependence Modeling, De Gruyter, vol. 2(1), pages 1-19, June.
    9. Gery Geenens & Arthur Charpentier & Davy Paindaveine, 2014. "Probit Transformation for Nonparametric Kernel Estimation of the Copula Density," Working Papers ECARES ECARES 2014-23, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
    10. Matthieu Garcin & Maxime L. D. Nicolas, 2024. "Nonparametric estimator of the tail dependence coefficient: balancing bias and variance," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 65(8), pages 4875-4913, October.
    11. Elena Di Bernardino & Didier Rullière, 2016. "On tail dependence coefficients of transformed multivariate Archimedean copulas," Post-Print hal-00992707, HAL.
    12. Mohamed Achibi & Michel Broniatowski & Catherine Duveau & Alice Marboeuf, 2012. "Bivariate Cox models and copulas," Journal of Risk and Reliability, , vol. 226(5), pages 476-487, October.
    13. Fabrizio Durante & Erich Klement & Carlo Sempi & Manuel Úbeda-Flores, 2010. "Measures of non-exchangeability for bivariate random vectors," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 687-699, September.
    14. Ning, Cathy & Wirjanto, Tony S., 2009. "Extreme return-volume dependence in East-Asian stock markets: A copula approach," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 6(4), pages 202-209, December.
    15. Diba Daraei & Kristina Sendova, 2024. "Determining Safe Withdrawal Rates for Post-Retirement via a Ruin-Theory Approach," Risks, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-21, April.
    16. Furman, Edward & Landsman, Zinoviy, 2010. "Multivariate Tweedie distributions and some related capital-at-risk analyses," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(2), pages 351-361, April.
    17. Jevtić, P. & Hurd, T.R., 2017. "The joint mortality of couples in continuous time," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 90-97.
    18. Marco Rocco, 2011. "Extreme value theory for finance: a survey," Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional Papers) 99, Bank of Italy, Economic Research and International Relations Area.
    19. Torben G. Andersen & Tim Bollerslev & Peter Christoffersen & Francis X. Diebold, 2007. "Practical Volatility and Correlation Modeling for Financial Market Risk Management," NBER Chapters, in: The Risks of Financial Institutions, pages 513-544, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    20. Albrecher Hansjörg & Kantor Josef, 2002. "Simulation of ruin probabilities for risk processes of Markovian type," Monte Carlo Methods and Applications, De Gruyter, vol. 8(2), pages 111-128, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:11:y:2023:i:8:p:143-:d:1210898. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.