IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jlands/v12y2022i1p25-d1011186.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Scrutinizing Urbanization in Kathmandu Using Google Earth Engine Together with Proximity-Based Scenario Modelling

Author

Listed:
  • Anisha Aryal

    (Youth Alliance for Environment, Baluwatar, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Kishor Prasad Bhatta

    (Research and Development Centre, Durbar Marg, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Sanot Adhikari

    (Youth Alliance for Environment, Baluwatar, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal)

  • Himlal Baral

    (Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor 16115, Indonesia
    School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia)

Abstract

‘Urbanization’ refers to the expansion of built-up areas caused by several factors. This study focuses on the urbanization process in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Supervised classification was conducted in Google Earth Engine by using Landsat data for years 2001, 2011 and 2021. The random forest classifier with 250 trees was used for classification to generate land-cover map. A land-cover map of 2021 was used as base map in the InVEST tool for scenario modelling. An accuracy assessment with 20% of sample points was conducted with different metrics, such as overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy, and consumer accuracy. The results show an increment of built-up areas by around 67 km 2 over 20 years in a centrifugal pattern from the core district, converting agricultural and forest land. ‘Forest’ is still dominant land-use class, with an area of 177.97 km 2 . Agricultural land was highly converted to urban area. The overall accuracy of this classification process ranged 0.96–1.00 for different years. The scenario modelling further elaborated an amiability of drastic shift in land-use classes to ‘built-up’, especially forest and agriculture, by around 33 km 2 and 66 km 2 , respectively. This study recommends the consideration of ecological approaches during the planning process.

Suggested Citation

  • Anisha Aryal & Kishor Prasad Bhatta & Sanot Adhikari & Himlal Baral, 2022. "Scrutinizing Urbanization in Kathmandu Using Google Earth Engine Together with Proximity-Based Scenario Modelling," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2022:i:1:p:25-:d:1011186
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/25/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/1/25/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sylvia Szabo, 2016. "Urbanisation and Food Insecurity Risks: Assessing the Role of Human Development," Oxford Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(1), pages 28-48, January.
    2. E. Scott Krayenhoff & Mohamed Moustaoui & Ashley M. Broadbent & Vishesh Gupta & Matei Georgescu, 2018. "Diurnal interaction between urban expansion, climate change and adaptation in US cities," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 8(12), pages 1097-1103, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Andi Syah Putra & Guangji Tong & Didit Okta Pribadi, 2020. "Spatial Analysis of Socio-Economic Driving Factors of Food Expenditure Variation between Provinces in Indonesia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-18, February.
    2. Nerajda Feruni & Eglantina Hysa & Mirela Panait & Irina Gabriela Rădulescu & Alina Brezoi, 2020. "The Impact of Corruption, Economic Freedom and Urbanization on Economic Development: Western Balkans versus EU-27," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-22, November.
    3. Samuelson, Holly W. & Baniassadi, Amir & Gonzalez, Pablo Izaga, 2020. "Beyond energy savings: Investigating the co-benefits of heat resilient architecture," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 204(C).
    4. Ikudayisi, Adesola & Okoruwa, Victor O., 2021. "Urban Differential Effects on Food Demand in Nigeria," 2021 Conference, August 17-31, 2021, Virtual 315142, International Association of Agricultural Economists.
    5. Mahshid Ghanbari & Mazdak Arabi & Matei Georgescu & Ashley M. Broadbent, 2023. "The role of climate change and urban development on compound dry-hot extremes across US cities," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-12, December.
    6. Zheng, Zhonghua & Zhao, Lei & Oleson, Keith W., 2020. "Large model parameter and structural uncertainties in global projections of urban heat waves," Earth Arxiv f5pwa, Center for Open Science.
    7. Hadjira Berbache & Mohamed Khaoui & Makhloufi Hadjab, 2022. "The oasis system in southern Algeria: a natural heritage threatened with disappearance, case of the oasis of Biskra," Technium Social Sciences Journal, Technium Science, vol. 34(1), pages 588-603, August.
    8. Assem Abu Hatab & Maria Eduarda Rigo Cavinato & Carl Johan Lagerkvist, 2019. "Urbanization, livestock systems and food security in developing countries: A systematic review of the literature," Food Security: The Science, Sociology and Economics of Food Production and Access to Food, Springer;The International Society for Plant Pathology, vol. 11(2), pages 279-299, April.
    9. David M. Lapola & Diego R. Braga & Gabriela M. Di Giulio & Roger R. Torres & Maria P. Vasconcellos, 2019. "Heat stress vulnerability and risk at the (super) local scale in six Brazilian capitals," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 154(3), pages 477-492, June.
    10. Marijke Dijkshoorn-Dekker & Vincent Linderhof & Thomas J.M. Mattijssen & Nico Polman, 2020. "Food Secure Metropolitan Areas: The Transition Support System Approach," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(13), pages 1-16, July.
    11. Yogeeswari Subramaniam & Tajul Ariffin Masron & Nanthakumar Loganathan, 2024. "Imports and Food Security," Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, Emerging Markets Forum, vol. 16(1), pages 7-24, January.
    12. Emanuele Massaro & Rossano Schifanella & Matteo Piccardo & Luca Caporaso & Hannes Taubenböck & Alessandro Cescatti & Gregory Duveiller, 2023. "Spatially-optimized urban greening for reduction of population exposure to land surface temperature extremes," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-10, December.
    13. Jonah Hall & A. K. M. Azad Hossain, 2020. "Mapping Urbanization and Evaluating Its Possible Impacts on Stream Water Quality in Chattanooga, Tennessee, Using GIS and Remote Sensing," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-46, March.
    14. Różycka-Czas Renata & Czesak Barbara & Staszel Andrzej, 2021. "Which Polish Cities Sprawl the Most," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-18, November.
    15. Shahfahad & Ahmed Ali Bindajam & Mohd Waseem Naikoo & Swapan Talukdar & Asif & Javed Mallick & Atiqur Rahman, 2024. "Analysing diurnal temperature range and extreme temperature events over Delhi and Mumbai mega cities," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 120(10), pages 9267-9295, August.
    16. Cammock, Radilaite & Tonumaipe’a, Daysha & Conn, Cath & Sa’uLilo, Losi & Tautolo, El-Shadan & Nayar, Shoba, 2021. "From individual behaviour strategies to sustainable food systems: Countering the obesity and non communicable diseases epidemic in New Zealand," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 125(2), pages 229-238.
    17. Jonah D. White & Elizabeth A. Mack & Sharon L. Harlan & E. Scott Krayenhoff & Matei Georgescu & Kyle Redican, 2019. "Regional Multivariate Indices of Water Use Potential for the Continental United States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-24, April.
    18. TC Chakraborty & Zander S. Venter & Matthias Demuzere & Wenfeng Zhan & Jing Gao & Lei Zhao & Yun Qian, 2024. "Large disagreements in estimates of urban land across scales and their implications," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
    19. Jiani Guo & Ming Zhang, 2021. "Exploring the Patterns and Drivers of Urban Expansion in the Texas Triangle Megaregion," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-19, November.
    20. Guangdong Li & Chuanglin Fang & Yingjie Li & Zhenbo Wang & Siao Sun & Sanwei He & Wei Qi & Chao Bao & Haitao Ma & Yupeng Fan & Yuxue Feng & Xiaoping Liu, 2022. "Global impacts of future urban expansion on terrestrial vertebrate diversity," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, December.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:12:y:2022:i:1:p:25-:d:1011186. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.