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Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize ( Zea mays L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils

Author

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  • Muhammad Suleman

    (Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
    Soil and Water Testing Laboratory, Marketing Division, PakArab Fertilizers Limited, Multan 60000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Ashraf

    (Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan
    Department of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza

    (Department of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Amjad Bashir

    (College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Shafeeq Ur Rahman

    (MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523015, China)

  • Muhammad Aon

    (Department of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Saba Ali

    (College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Sher Muhammad Shahzad

    (Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Usman Khalid

    (In-Service Agricultural Training Institute, Rahimyar Khan 64200, Pakistan)

  • Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza

    (Department of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
    College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Abdur Rehim

    (Department of Soil Science, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
    College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Zhenjie Du

    (Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453000, China)

Abstract

Non-nutritive metals, especially cadmium (Cd), are present in P fertilizers; the long-term application of these P fertilizers leads to Cd build-up in the soil. The current study aims to evaluate the impacts of P sources and rates on the growth of maize ( Zea mays L.) and the bioavailability of Cd. Twelve treatments including rock phosphate 4 g kg −1 (RP1); 8 g kg −1 (RP2); 12 g kg −1 (RP3)); single super phosphate 333 mg kg −1 (SSP1); 444 mg kg −1 (SSP2); 555 mg kg −1 (SSP3); di-ammonium phosphate 130 mg kg −1 (DAP1); 174 mg kg −1 (DAP2); 218 mg kg −1 (DAP3); mono-ammonium phosphate 115 mg kg −1 (MAP1); 154 mg kg −1 (MAP2); 193 mg kg −1 (MAP3) in two soil textures (sandy and clayey) were assessed. Results revealed that all P sources significantly influenced the plant growth and yield characteristics of maize ( p ≤ 0.05). In both soil textures, P in soil and plant, plant growth and yield characteristics were maximized by MAP and DAP. Cadmium build-up in soil and uptake was also significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) affected by P sources, levels, and soil texture. It was observed that Cd build-up in soil and uptake by plants boosted with increasing P levels. Maximum Cd concentration in plant root and shoot was found with SSP3, and its concentration in soil increased with MAP3, whereas the concentration was higher in sandy texture. The study concludes that type of P fertilizer should be determined based on texture and human consumption of the crop to avoid Cd toxicity.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Suleman & Muhammad Ashraf & Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza & Muhammad Amjad Bashir & Shafeeq Ur Rahman & Muhammad Aon & Saba Ali & Sher Muhammad Shahzad & Muhammad Usman Khalid & Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza &, 2022. "Determining the Cadmium Accumulation in Maize ( Zea mays L.) and Soil Influenced by Phosphoric Fertilizers in Two Different Textured Soils," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-15, August.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:11:y:2022:i:8:p:1313-:d:888417
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Salar Rezapour & P. Kouhinezhad & A. Samadi, 2020. "Trace metals toxicity in relation to long-term intensive agricultural production in a calcareous environment with different soil types," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 100(2), pages 551-570, January.
    2. Shoaib Akhtar & Azhar Abbas & Muhammad Amjed Iqbal & Muhammad Rizwan & Abdus Samie & Muhammad Faisal & Jam Ghulam Murtaza Sahito, 2021. "What Determines the Uptake of Multiple Tools to Mitigate Agricultural Risks among Hybrid Maize Growers in Pakistan? Findings from Field-Level Data," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-13, June.
    3. Chad J. Penn & James J. Camberato, 2019. "A Critical Review on Soil Chemical Processes that Control How Soil pH Affects Phosphorus Availability to Plants," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 9(6), pages 1-18, June.
    4. Hafiz Muhammad Ali Raza & Muhammad Amjad Bashir & Abdur Rehim & Qurat-Ul-Ain Raza & Kashif Ali Khan & Muhammad Aon & Muhammad Ijaz & Shafeeq Ur Rahman & Fiaz Ahmad & Yucong Geng, 2021. "Effect of K and Zn Application on Biometric and Physiological Parameters of Different Maize Genotypes," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-17, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Qinghui Meng & Wenhua Fan & Fenwu Liu & Gailing Wang & Xiaoying Di, 2023. "Effect of Phosphorus Application on Eggplant Cadmium Accumulation and Soil Cadmium Morphology," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(23), pages 1-16, November.

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    Keywords

    phosphorus; cadmium; texture; maize; soil;
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