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Physiological Effects of a Garden Plant Smellscape from the Perspective of Perceptual Interaction

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  • Xinguo Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
    College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Jiayu Guo

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Xiaowan Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China)

  • Qixiang Zhang

    (College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiological recovery effects of olfactory, visual and olfactory–visual stimuli associated with garden plants. In a randomized controlled study design, ninety-five Chinese university students were randomly selected to be exposed to stimulus materials, namely the odor of Osmanthus fragrans and a corresponding panoramic image of a landscape featuring the plant. Physiological indexes were measured by the VISHEEW multiparameter biofeedback instrument and a NeuroSky EEG tester in a virtual simulation laboratory. The results showed the following: (1) In the olfactory stimulation group, from before to during exposure to the stimuli, the subjects’ diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ΔDBP = 4.37 ± 1.69 mmHg, p < 0.05) and pulse pressure (PP) values increased (ΔPP = −4.56 ± 1.24 mmHg, p < 0.05), while their pulse ( p ) values decreased (ΔP = −2.34 ± 1.16 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly. When compared to the control group, only the amplitudes of α and β brainwaves increased significantly (Δα = 0.37 ± 2.09 µV, Δβ = 0.34 ± 1.01 µV, p < 0.05). (2) In the visual stimulation group, the amplitudes of skin conductance (SC) (ΔSC = 0.19 ± 0.01 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 6.2 ± 2.26 µV, p < 0.05) and β brainwaves (Δβ = 5.51 ± 1.7 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. (3) In the olfactory–visual stimulus group, DBP (ΔDBP = 3.26 ± 0.45 mmHg, p < 0.05) values increased, and PP values decreased (ΔPP = −3.48 ± 0.33 bmp, p < 0.05) significantly from before to during exposure to the stimuli. The amplitudes of SC (ΔSC = 0.45 ± 0.34 µΩ, p < 0.05), α brainwaves (Δα = 2.28 ± 1.74 µV, p < 0.05) and β brainwaves (Δβ = 1.4 ± 0.52 µV, p < 0.05) all increased significantly relative to the control group. The results of this study show that the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli associated with a garden plant odor landscape was able to relax and refresh the body to a certain extent, and this physiological health effect was greater with regards to the integrated response of the autonomic nervous system and central nervous system than the effect of only smelling or viewing the stimuli. In the planning and designing of plant smellscapes in garden green space, it should be ensured that plant odors and corresponding landscapes are present at the same time in order to ensure the best health effect.

Suggested Citation

  • Xinguo Zhang & Jiayu Guo & Xiaowan Zhang & Qixiang Zhang, 2023. "Physiological Effects of a Garden Plant Smellscape from the Perspective of Perceptual Interaction," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(6), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:6:p:5004-:d:1095050
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Aradhna Krishna & Maureen Morrin & Eda Sayin, 2014. "Smellizing Cookies and Salivating: A Focus on Olfactory Imagery," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 41(1), pages 18-34.
    4. Florian Lederbogen & Peter Kirsch & Leila Haddad & Fabian Streit & Heike Tost & Philipp Schuch & Stefan Wüst & Jens C. Pruessner & Marcella Rietschel & Michael Deuschle & Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, 2011. "City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans," Nature, Nature, vol. 474(7352), pages 498-501, June.
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    1. Chen Wang & Ruolin Zhu & Jian Zhong & Huajin Shi & Chang Liu & Huiyu Liu & Bohao Tan & Lijuan Xiang & Ruizi Xiang & Xinru Ye & Ming Sun, 2023. "Smellscape Characteristics of an Urban Park in Summer: A Case Study in Beijing, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-17, December.

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