IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v20y2023i5p4134-d1080501.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal

Author

Listed:
  • Yuxiao Shao

    (School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
    State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

  • Xiaohang Xu

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
    Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China)

  • Le Wang

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

  • Jialiang Han

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Hem Bahadur Katuwal

    (Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China)

  • Shulin Jiao

    (School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China)

  • Guangle Qiu

    (State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China)

Abstract

The effects of exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in rice on human health have become a global public health concern, particularly in countries where rice is consumed as a staple food. The concentrations of HMs, including cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu), in commercial rice samples (n = 170) were analyzed to estimate the HM exposure of consumers in Nepal. The geometric mean concentrations of Cd, As, Pb, and Cu in commercial rice were 15.5 ± 16.0, 43.4 ± 19.6, 16.0 ± 14.0, and 1066 ± 1210 μg/kg, respectively, all below the maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) recommended by FAO/WHO. Generally, the average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of Cd, As, Pb, and Cu were all below the oral reference doses (RfDs). However, young age groups were exposed to high levels of HMs, and the average EDI of As and the P99.9 EDIs of Cu and Cd were above the corresponding RfDs. The mean hazard index and total carcinogenic risk were 1.13 and 1.04 × 10 −3 respectively, suggesting a potential non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) and a carcinogenic risk (CR) via rice consumption. Arsenic contributed the most strongly to NCR and Cd to CR. Overall, although the HM levels in rice were generally safe, the Nepalese population may be exposed to an elevated health risk from rice consumption.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuxiao Shao & Xiaohang Xu & Le Wang & Jialiang Han & Hem Bahadur Katuwal & Shulin Jiao & Guangle Qiu, 2023. "Human Dietary Exposure to Heavy Metals via Rice in Nepal," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-13, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4134-:d:1080501
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4134/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/5/4134/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fanfu Zeng & Wei Wei & Mansha Li & Ruixue Huang & Fei Yang & Yanying Duan, 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shukrullah Ahmadi & Barbara Le Bot & Roméo Zoumenou & Séverine Durand & Nadine Fiévet & Pierre Ayotte & Achille Massougbodji & Maroufou Jules Alao & Michel Cot & Philippe Glorennec & Florence Bodeau-L, 2020. "Follow-Up of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Sources in a Cohort of Children in Benin," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-15, November.
    2. Yuliia Medvedeva & Anatolii Kucher & Joanna Lipsa & Maria Hełdak, 2021. "Human Health Risk Assessment on the Consumption of Apples Growing in Urbanized Areas: Case of Kharkiv, Ukraine," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-14, February.
    3. Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee & Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan & Sara Nematbakhsh & Jinap Selamat & Mohd Razi Ismail & Sarva Mangala Praveena & Soo Yee Lee & Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, 2022. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Oryza sativa L. at the Eastern Region of Malaysia and Its Risk Assessment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-22, January.
    4. Reza Aghlmand & Saeed Rasi Nezami & Ali Abbasi, 2021. "Evaluation of Chemical Parameters of Urban Drinking Water Quality along with Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study of Ardabil Province, Iran," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-11, May.
    5. Abdulaziz Abdulrahman AlMulla & Saad Dahlawi & Muhammad Atif Randhawa & Qamar uz Zaman & Yinglong Chen & Turki Kh. Faraj, 2022. "Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Hassawi Brown Rice: Fate during Cooking and Associated Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-12, September.
    6. Bimal Manuranga Herath & Chaturanga Bamunuarachchige & Steven L. Stephenson & Abdallah M. Elgorban & Suhail Asad & Jaturong Kumla & Nakarin Suwannarach & Samantha C. Karunarathna & Pinnaduwage Neelama, 2023. "Soil Heavy Metal Absorption Potential of Azolla pinnata and Lemna gibba with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Farming," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-27, February.
    7. Mirela Miclean & Oana Cadar & Erika Andrea Levei & Radu Roman & Alexandru Ozunu & Levente Levei, 2019. "Metal (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn) Transfer along Food Chain and Health Risk Assessment through Raw Milk Consumption from Free-Range Cows," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-14, October.
    8. Vidhu Gupta & Lalita Bisht & Ajay Kumar Arya & Ajay Pratap Singh & Sneha Gautam, 2022. "Spatially Resolved Distribution, Sources, Exposure Levels, and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in <63 μm Size-Fractionated Road Dust from Lucknow City, North India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-23, October.
    9. Lei Shi & Zhaohui Guo & Fang Liang & Xiyuan Xiao & Chi Peng & Peng Zeng & Wenli Feng & Hongzhen Ran, 2019. "Effect of Liming with Various Water Regimes on Both Immobilization of Cadmium and Improvement of Bacterial Communities in Contaminated Paddy: A Field Experiment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-14, February.
    10. Ronnel C. Nolos & Christine Joy M. Agarin & Maria Ysabel R. Domino & Pauline B. Bonifacio & Eduardo B. Chan & Doreen R. Mascareñas & Delia B. Senoro, 2022. "Health Risks Due to Metal Concentrations in Soil and Vegetables from the Six Municipalities of the Island Province in the Philippines," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-26, January.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4134-:d:1080501. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.