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Spatially Resolved Distribution, Sources, Exposure Levels, and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in <63 μm Size-Fractionated Road Dust from Lucknow City, North India

Author

Listed:
  • Vidhu Gupta

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India)

  • Lalita Bisht

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India)

  • Ajay Kumar Arya

    (Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India)

  • Ajay Pratap Singh

    (Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India)

  • Sneha Gautam

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences Coimbatore, Coimbatore 641114, Tamil Nadu, India)

Abstract

In the present study, a total of 64 road dust samples were collected from five different functional areas (residential, commercial, parks, high-traffic, and industrial) in urban Lucknow to assess the accumulation, distribution, and health risk of heavy metals (HMs) (i.e., Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Cr and Ni). Acid digestion methods were used to analyze HMs, followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The ascending frequency of HMs was Cd < As < Ni < Cr < Pb < Cu < Zn < Mn < Fe for all different functional areas. Almost all HMs exceed the limits of Indian natural soil background values (INSB) across all functional areas. The pollution assessment results reveal that the urban road dust of Lucknow is highly enriched with Zn and Pb, causing deterioration of dust quality. The spatial distribution of HMs shows that road dust found in the central and southwestern zones of the Lucknow urban area are more contaminated than in other areas. The ecological risk assessment demonstrates that Cd was the highest risk contributor, followed by Pb, Zn and Cu. The result of the health risk assessment i.e., the cumulative hazard index (HI) and the cumulative lifetime cancer risk (LCR), reveal that children (mean HI children = 1.26, LCR children = 0.000187) are more vulnerable to HM exposure than adults (HI adults = 0.14, LCR adults = 0.0000804). For carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, ingestion appears to be the major pathway of HM exposure in both age groups. It is alarming that all studied four carcinogenic HMs were found in concentrations higher than 1 × 10 −6 (the permissible limit for humans). This indicates slight chances of developing cancer for both age groups in all functional areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Vidhu Gupta & Lalita Bisht & Ajay Kumar Arya & Ajay Pratap Singh & Sneha Gautam, 2022. "Spatially Resolved Distribution, Sources, Exposure Levels, and Health Risks of Heavy Metals in <63 μm Size-Fractionated Road Dust from Lucknow City, North India," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-23, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12898-:d:936549
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Dejun Wan & Zhangxiong Han & Jinsong Yang & Guanglin Yang & Xingqi Liu, 2016. "Heavy Metal Pollution in Settled Dust Associated with Different Urban Functional Areas in a Heavily Air-Polluted City in North China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, November.
    2. Fanfu Zeng & Wei Wei & Mansha Li & Ruixue Huang & Fei Yang & Yanying Duan, 2015. "Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thomas M. T. Lei & Martin F. C. Ma, 2023. "The Relationship between Roadside PM Concentration and Traffic Characterization: A Case Study in Macao," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-14, July.
    2. Lin Jia & Xiaoyi Zhou & Qingjie Wang, 2023. "Effects of Agricultural Machinery Operations on PM 2.5 , PM 10 and TSP in Farmland under Different Tillage Patterns," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-14, April.

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